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除草剂和盐胁迫对水稻和稗草生理生化和分子水平的比较分析研究

Acknowledgement第11-16页
Abbreviations第16-19页
Abstract第19-22页
摘要第23-26页
Chapter 1 General Introduction第26-29页
    1.1. Significance value of Oryza sativa L第26页
    1.2 Environmental stresses under field conditions第26-27页
    1.3 Objectives of the study第27-28页
    1.4 Overview of the whole study第28-29页
Chapter 2 Review of literature第29-42页
    2.1 Consumption of herbicides in agriculture第29-31页
    2.2 Herbicide in the environment第31-32页
    2.3 Accumulation and distribution of herbicides after application第32-33页
    2.4 Adverse effects of herbicides on plants第33-34页
    2.5 Toxic effects of 2,4-D on crop plants第34-35页
    2.6 Toxic effects of 2,4-D on non-plant species第35-36页
    2.7 Toxic effects of 2,4-D on Aquatic plants第36页
    2.8 Advance formulations of 2,4-D and herbicide resistant crops第36-39页
    2.9 Plant stress responses and salinity第39-42页
Chapter 3 Butachlor-induced ROS production and stress responsive gene regulations in rice第42-73页
    3.1. Introduction第42-44页
    3.2 Materials and methods第44-48页
        3.2.1 Plant material第44页
        3.2.2 Morphological parameters第44页
        3.2.3 Chlorophyll pigments and fluorescence第44-45页
        3.2.4 Determination of malondialdehyde and ROS contents第45页
        3.2.5 Histochemical staining and EL estimation第45页
        3.2.6 Butachlor quantification in rice tissues第45-46页
        3.2.7 Biochemical analysis第46页
        3.2.8 Determination of non-enzymatic antioxidants第46-47页
        3.2.9 Ultrastructural observations第47页
        3.2.10 Total RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis, and qRT-PCR assay第47页
        3.2.11 Statistical analyses第47-48页
    3.3 Results第48-62页
        3.3.1 Plant morphology第48页
        3.3.2 Herbicide accumulation第48页
        3.3.3 Chloroplast ultrastructure第48-49页
        3.3.4 Pigments concentration and chlorophyll fluorescence第49-52页
        3.3.5 Butachlor induces oxidative stress in rice plants第52-55页
        3.3.6 Analysis of antioxidant enzymes第55-58页
        3.3.7 Analysis of non-enzymatic antioxidants第58-59页
        3.3.8 Total soluble protein, sugar and proline contents第59-62页
    3.4 Discussion第62-71页
    3.5 Conclusions第71-73页
Chapter 4 2,4-D and salinity differentially modulates stress responses in rice第73-105页
    4.0 Introduction第73-74页
    4.1 Materials and methods第74-75页
        4.1.1 Plant material第74-75页
    4.2 Materials and methods第75-79页
        4.2.1 Plant material第75页
        4.2.2 Morphological parameters第75-76页
        4.2.4 Determination of malondialdehyde and ROS第76页
        4.2.5 Electrolyte leakage estimation第76页
        4.2.6 Biochemical analysis第76页
        4.2.7 Determination of non-enzymatic antioxidants第76-77页
        4.2.8 Indole acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) measurements第77-78页
        4.2.9 Ultrastructural observations第78页
        4.2.10 Total RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis, and qPCR assay第78页
        4.2.11 Statistical analysis第78-79页
    4.3. Results第79-88页
        4.3.1 Morphological parameters第79页
        4.3.2 Chlorophyll and fluorescence parameters第79-80页
        4.3.3 Oxidative stress production第80页
        4.3.4 Response of enzymatic and non- enzymatic antioxidants第80-82页
        4.3.5 Total soluble, proline and sugar contents第82-83页
        4.3.6 Elements uptake第83-85页
        4.3.7 Expression of Na~+ and K~+ transporter gene in rice cultivars第85-86页
        4.3.8 Crosstalk of IAA and ABA第86-88页
        4.3.9 Changes in the structure of the chloroplast and mitochondria第88页
    4.4. Discussion第88-104页
    4.5 Conclusion第104-105页
Chapter 5 2,4-D attenuates salinity-induced toxicity in roots of rice cultivars第105-145页
    5.1 Introduction第105-106页
    5.2 Materials and methods第106-111页
        5.2.1 Plant material and experimental design第106-107页
        5.2.2 Morphological parameters第107页
        5.2.3 Determination of malondialdehyde and ROS第107-108页
        5.2.4 Histochemical staining and electrolyte leakage estimation第108页
        5.2.5 Biochemical analysis第108页
        5.2.6 Determination of non-enzymatic antioxidants第108-109页
        5.2.7 Visualization of callose and lignin第109-110页
        5.2.8 Determination of Na~+9 K~+ and lignin第110页
        5.2.9 RNA isolation, cDNA synthesis and qRT-PCR assay第110-111页
        5.2.10 Ultrastructural observations第111页
        5.2.11 Statistical analysis第111页
    5.3 Results第111-131页
        5.3.1 Effects of 2,4-D/salt on biomass production,K~+ and Na~+ accumulation第111-112页
        5.3.2 Effects of 2,4-D/salt on oxidative stress第112-114页
        5.3.3 Response of enzymatic antioxidants第114-116页
        5.3.4 Effects of 2,4-D/salt on glutathione-ascorbate cycle第116-119页
        5.3.5 Effects of 2,4-D/salt on gene expression第119-121页
        5.3.6 Gene expression of Na~+ and K~+ transporters genes第121-130页
        5.3.8 Root ultra-structure under individual and combined stress treatments第130-131页
    5.4 Discussion第131-142页
        5.4.1 Possible mechanisms of salt tolerance第141-142页
    5.5 Conclusion第142-145页
Chapter 6 Salinity reduces 2,4-D efficacy in Echinochloa crusgalli第145-173页
    6.0 Introduction第145-148页
    6.1 Materials and methods第148-153页
        6.1.1 Plant material and experimental design第148页
        6.1.2 Morphological parameters第148页
        6.1.3 Measurements of PSII maximum quantum yield第148-149页
        6.1.4 Determination of malondialdehyde and RO第149页
        6.1.5 Histochemical staining and Electrolyte leakage estimation第149页
        6.1.6 Biochemical analysis第149-150页
        6.1.7 Determination of non-enzymatic antioxidants第150-151页
        6.1.8 Determination of Na~+ and K~+第151页
        6.1.9 Indole acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA) measurement第151-152页
        6.1.10 Measurement of leaf relative water content第152页
        6.1.11 Ultrastructural observations第152页
        6.1.12 Statistical analysis第152-153页
    6.2 Results第153-163页
        6.2.1 Morphological parameters第153页
        6.2.2 Chlorophyll and Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters第153-155页
        6.2.3 Oxidative stress biomarkers第155-156页
        6.2.4 Antioxidant enzymes activities第156-158页
        6.2.5 Non-enzymatic antioxidant enzymes第158-159页
        6.2.6 Mineral contents (K~+, Na~+ and K~+/Na~+)第159-161页
        6.2.7 IAA and ABA interaction第161页
        6.2.8 Changes in the ultrastructure of the chloroplast and mitochondria第161-162页
        6.2.9 Principal component analysis第162-163页
    6.3 Discussion第163-172页
    6.4 Conclusion第172-173页
Chapter 7 Transcriptomic analysis of rice cultivars under 2,4-D and saline stress conditions第173-201页
    7.1 Introduction第173-174页
    7.2 Materials and methods第174-175页
        7.2.1 Plant material and experimental design第174页
        7.2.2 RNA-Seq第174-175页
        7.2.3 Analysis of illumina sequencing results第175页
    7.3 Results第175-194页
        7.3.1 Sequencing output and assembly第175-176页
        7.3.2 Gene annotation and functional classification第176-185页
        7.3.3 Subcellular localization of DEGs in rice cultivars第185-188页
        7.3.4 The herbicide 2,4-D responsive P450 and Glutathione DEGs第188-189页
        7.3.5 Expression of DEGs involved in indole acetic acid synthesis and signaltransduction第189-191页
        7.3.6 Expression of DEGs involved in ethylene synthesis第191-192页
        7.3.7 Expression of DEGs involved in ABA synthesis and degradation第192-193页
        7.3.8 Expression of key salt-responsive DEGs in rice cultivars第193-194页
        7.3.9 Expression of DEGs involved in ABA synthesis genes第194页
    7.4 Discussion第194-200页
    7.5 Conclusion第200-201页
Chapter 8第201-203页
    8.1 Major findings第201-202页
    8.2 Future perspectives第202-203页
References第203-223页
List of publications第223页

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