| 摘要 | 第3-6页 |
| Abstract | 第6-9页 |
| List of abbreviations | 第13-14页 |
| Chapter 1 General introduction | 第14-26页 |
| 1. Physical and chemical features | 第14页 |
| 2. Uses | 第14-15页 |
| 3. Harmful Effects | 第15-16页 |
| 3.1 The effect of FA in body weight | 第15页 |
| 3.2 The effects of reproductive systems | 第15-16页 |
| 3.3 The effects of central nervous systems | 第16页 |
| 4. Potential mechanisms of action | 第16-18页 |
| 4.1 FA affects spatial learning and memory | 第16-17页 |
| 4.2 The effect of FA exposure on Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal gland axis | 第17页 |
| 4.3 The effect of FA exposure on locomotor activity and social be havior | 第17-18页 |
| 4.4 The effect of FA exposure on sex hormones | 第18页 |
| 5. Reproductive and development toxicity | 第18-19页 |
| 6. Comparison with other reproductive and development toxicants | 第19页 |
| 7. The role of neurotransimetters | 第19-22页 |
| 7.1 Dopamine system and emotion and cognition | 第20页 |
| 7.2 N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and emotion and cognition | 第20-21页 |
| 7.3 The relationship between neurostransmetters | 第21-22页 |
| 8. The scope of the study | 第22-26页 |
| Chapter 2 Effects of formaldehyde exposure on spatial learning and memor-y and numbers of glucocorticoid receptor immunopositive neurons in the hippocampus | 第26-42页 |
| 1. Introduction | 第26-28页 |
| 2. Materials and Methods | 第28-32页 |
| 2.1 Animals and treatment procedure | 第28页 |
| 2.2 Gaseous formaldehyde exposure | 第28页 |
| 2.3 Behavioral tests | 第28-29页 |
| 2.4 Immunohistochemistry | 第29-30页 |
| 2.5 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay | 第30-31页 |
| 2.6 Western blot analysis | 第31-32页 |
| 2.7 Statistical analyses | 第32页 |
| 3. Results | 第32-39页 |
| 3.1 Morris water maze test | 第32-34页 |
| 3.2 GR-ir in hippocampus | 第34页 |
| 3.3 The expression of GR protein | 第34-36页 |
| 3.4 Serum CORT Concentrations | 第36-39页 |
| 4. Discussion | 第39-42页 |
| 4.1 The effect of spatial learning and memory | 第39-40页 |
| 4.2 CORT in mice with different concentration of formaldehyde | 第40-41页 |
| 4.3 The effect of GR-IR and GR protein in hippocampus | 第41-42页 |
| Chapter 3 Effect of exposure to formaldehyde on levels of anxiety-and depression-like behaviors, social recognition and neuroendocrine parame-ters in mice | 第42-64页 |
| 1. Introduction | 第43-45页 |
| 2. Materials and methods | 第45-50页 |
| 2.1 Subjects | 第45页 |
| 2.2 Gaseous formaldehyde exposure | 第45-46页 |
| 2.3 Behavioral tests | 第46-48页 |
| 2.4 Real-time PCR | 第48-49页 |
| 2.5 Statistical analyses | 第49-50页 |
| 3. Results | 第50-57页 |
| 3.1 Open-field test (OFT) | 第50-51页 |
| 3.2 Elevated plus-maze test (EPM) | 第51-55页 |
| 3.3 Forced swimming test (FST) | 第55页 |
| 3.4 Social recognition test | 第55-57页 |
| 3.5 DR and NMDAR mRNA expression respectively in the Hippocampus and MeA | 第57页 |
| 4. Discussion | 第57-64页 |
| 4.1 The effect of spontaneous locomotor activity | 第58-59页 |
| 4.2 Anxiety-and depression- related behavior | 第59页 |
| 4.3 Social recognition test | 第59-60页 |
| 4.4 Levels of DA and NMDA receptors mRNA | 第60-64页 |
| Chapter 4 The effect of inhalation formaldehyde exposure to maternal behavior and adult brain and behavior in mice | 第64-84页 |
| 1. Introduction | 第65-67页 |
| 2. Animals and treatment procedure | 第67-73页 |
| 2.1 subjects | 第67-68页 |
| 2.2 Inhalation exposure procedure | 第68页 |
| 2.3 Maternal behavior test | 第68-70页 |
| 2.4 Real -time PCR | 第70-71页 |
| 2.5 Statistical analyses | 第71-73页 |
| 3. Results | 第73-80页 |
| 3.1 Maternal behavior | 第73-75页 |
| 3.2 Open field test (OFT) | 第75-76页 |
| 3.3 Elevated plus maze task (EPT) | 第76页 |
| 3.4 Forced swimming (FS) | 第76-78页 |
| 3.5 DR and NMDAR mRNA expression in the hippocampus | 第78-80页 |
| 4. Discussion | 第80-83页 |
| 5. Conclusions | 第83-84页 |
| Chapter 5 Summary and future directions | 第84-88页 |
| References | 第88-112页 |
| Acknowledgments | 第112-114页 |
| List of Publication | 第114页 |
