| 摘要 | 第1-6页 |
| Abstract | 第6-18页 |
| Chapter One.Summarization of Literature | 第18-78页 |
| Ⅰ-1.The stomata and the guard cell | 第18-20页 |
| Ⅰ-2.Light-induced stomatal opening | 第20-22页 |
| Ⅰ-3.ABA regulates stomatal movement | 第22-26页 |
| Ⅰ-4.Cytokinins and auxins regulate stomatal movement | 第26-30页 |
| Ⅰ-4-1.Cytokinins and stomatal movement | 第26-29页 |
| Ⅰ-4-2.Auxins and stomatal movement | 第29-30页 |
| Ⅰ-5.Hydrogen peroxide and its signalling role in guard cells | 第30-36页 |
| Ⅰ-5-1.The resource of H_2O_2 in plant | 第31-33页 |
| Ⅰ-5-2.The role of H_2O_2 in plant | 第33-36页 |
| Ⅰ-5-3.H_2O_2 as a signal in guard cells | 第36页 |
| Ⅰ-6.Nitric oxide and its signalling role in guard cells | 第36-49页 |
| Ⅰ-6-1.The resource of NO in plant | 第37-45页 |
| Ⅰ-6-1-1.Nitric oxide synthase(NOS) | 第38-42页 |
| Ⅰ-6-1-2.Nitrate reductase(NR) | 第42-44页 |
| Ⅰ-6-1-3.Other enzymatic sources of NO | 第44-45页 |
| Ⅰ-6-1-4.Nonenzymatic sources of NO | 第45页 |
| Ⅰ-6-2.The function of NO in plant | 第45-48页 |
| Ⅰ-6-3.NO as a signal in guard cells | 第48-49页 |
| Ⅰ-7.ROS,NO and SA in plant defense responses | 第49-51页 |
| Ⅰ-8.H_2O_2 and NO signalling and cross-talk in plant cells | 第51-54页 |
| Ⅰ-9.ABA,H_2O_2 and NO signalling in guard cells | 第54-61页 |
| Ⅰ-10.MAPKs and its signalling networks in guard cells | 第61-72页 |
| Ⅰ-10-1.Biochemical assay of MAPKs | 第62-63页 |
| Ⅰ-10-2.Plant MAPKs cascades | 第63-68页 |
| Ⅰ-10-3.The roles of MAPKs in plant responses | 第68-69页 |
| Ⅰ-10-4.MAPKs and ROS in pathogen signalling | 第69-71页 |
| Ⅰ-10-5.MAPKs signal pathway in guard cells | 第71-72页 |
| Ⅰ-11.CDPKs and its signalling in guard cells | 第72-73页 |
| Ⅰ-12.Carbon monoxide and its signalling in plant | 第73-76页 |
| Ⅰ-12-1.Biogenic sources of CO | 第73-74页 |
| Ⅰ-12-2.CO production by heme oxygenase enzyme(HO) | 第74-75页 |
| Ⅰ-12-3.Role of CO in animals | 第75页 |
| Ⅰ-12-4.HO-1 and CO in plants | 第75-76页 |
| Ⅰ-13.The intention and significance of this research | 第76-78页 |
| Chapter Two.The decrease of the hydrogen peroxide levels in guard cells during cytokinin- and auxin-induced stomatal opening | 第78-92页 |
| Ⅱ-1.Introduction | 第78-79页 |
| Ⅱ-2.Materials and methods | 第79-81页 |
| Ⅱ-2-1.Chemicals | 第79页 |
| Ⅱ-2-2.Plant materials | 第79-80页 |
| Ⅱ-2-3.Stomatal bioassay | 第80页 |
| Ⅱ-2-4.Dye loading of H_2DCF-DA | 第80-81页 |
| Ⅱ-2-5.Laser-scanning confocal microscopy | 第81页 |
| Ⅱ-2-6.Statistical analysis | 第81页 |
| Ⅱ-3.Results | 第81-89页 |
| Ⅱ-3-1.Both cytokinins and auxins induce stomatal opening in darkness | 第81-84页 |
| Ⅱ-3-2.Both cytokinins and auxins decrease H_2O_2 levels of guard cells in darkness | 第84页 |
| Ⅱ-3-3.Exogenous H_2O_2-induced stomatal closure can be prevented by cytokinins,but not by auxins | 第84-85页 |
| Ⅱ-3-4.Exogenous H_2O_2-induced DCF fluorescence in guard cells is reduced by cytokinins,but not by auxins | 第85-87页 |
| Ⅱ-3-5.Closed stomata caused by dark can be reopened by cytokinins,but not by auxins | 第87-89页 |
| Ⅱ-3-6.Cytokinins reduce levels of H_2O_2 generated by darkness,but auxins do not | 第89页 |
| Ⅱ-4.Discussion | 第89-92页 |
| Chapter Three.Cytokinin- and auxin-induced stomatal opening involves the change of nitric oxide levels in guard cells | 第92-106页 |
| Ⅲ-1.Introduction | 第92-93页 |
| Ⅲ-2.Materials and methods | 第93-95页 |
| Ⅲ-2-1.Chemicals | 第93页 |
| Ⅲ-2-2.Plant materials | 第93页 |
| Ⅲ-2-3.Stomatal bioassay | 第93-94页 |
| Ⅲ-2-4.Dye loading of DAF-2 DA | 第94-95页 |
| Ⅲ-2-5.Laser-scanning confocal microscopy | 第95页 |
| Ⅲ-2-6.Statistical analysis | 第95页 |
| Ⅲ-3.Results | 第95-103页 |
| Ⅲ-3-1.Cytokinins and auxins can induce stomatal opening | 第95-98页 |
| Ⅲ-3-2.Effects of cytokinins and auxins on the darkness-induced NO levels in guard cells | 第98页 |
| Ⅲ-3-3.Cytokinins can,but auxins not,reverse SNP-induced stomatal closure | 第98-99页 |
| Ⅲ-3-4.Effects of cytokinins and auxins on the SNP-induced DAF-2 DA fluorescence levels in guard cells | 第99-102页 |
| Ⅲ-3-5.Cytokinins can,but auxins not,reopen the closed stomata caused by dark | 第102-103页 |
| Ⅲ-3-6.Effects of cytokinins and auxins on NO levels having been generated by darkness | 第103页 |
| Ⅲ-4.Discussion | 第103-106页 |
| Chapter Four.MAPK kinase and CDP kinase modulate hydrogen peroxide levels during darkness-induced stomatal closure | 第106-122页 |
| Ⅳ-1.Introduction | 第106-107页 |
| Ⅳ-2.Materials and methods | 第107-110页 |
| Ⅳ-2-1.Chemicals | 第107-108页 |
| Ⅳ-2-2.Plant materials | 第108页 |
| Ⅳ-2-3.Stomatal bioassay | 第108-109页 |
| Ⅳ-2-4.Dye loading of H_2DCF-DA | 第109页 |
| Ⅳ2-5.Laser-scanning confocal microscopy | 第109页 |
| Ⅳ-2-6.Statistical analysis | 第109-110页 |
| Ⅳ-3.Results | 第110-117页 |
| Ⅳ-3-1.Effects of PD98059 and TFP on dark-induced stomatal closure | 第110-112页 |
| Ⅳ-3-2.Both PD98059 and TFP affect the dark-induced H_2O_2 levels of guard cells | 第112-113页 |
| Ⅳ-3-3.Effects of PD98059/TFP on stomatal closure and DCF fluorescence in guard cells induced by exogenous H_2O_2 | 第113-115页 |
| Ⅳ-3-4.The closed stomata caused by dark can be reopened by PD98059 and TFP | 第115-116页 |
| Ⅳ-3-5.PD98059 and TFP reduce levels of H_2O_2 generated by darkness | 第116-117页 |
| Ⅳ-4.Discussion | 第117-122页 |
| Chapter Five.The nitric oxide levels are modulated by MAPK kinase and CDP kinase during darkness-induced stomatal closure | 第122-138页 |
| Ⅴ-1.Introduction | 第122-124页 |
| Ⅴ-2.Materials and methods | 第124-126页 |
| Ⅴ-2-1.Chemicals | 第124页 |
| Ⅴ-2-2.Plant materials | 第124页 |
| Ⅴ-2-3.Stomatal bioassay | 第124-125页 |
| Ⅴ-2-4.Dye loading of DAF-2 DA | 第125页 |
| Ⅴ-2-5.Laser-scanning confocal microscopy | 第125-126页 |
| Ⅴ-2-6.Statistical analysis | 第126页 |
| Ⅴ-3.Results | 第126-134页 |
| Ⅴ-3-1.Both PD98059 and TFP reverse darkness-induced stomatal closure | 第126-128页 |
| Ⅴ-3-2.Both PD98059 and TFP affect the dark-induced NO levels of guard cells | 第128-130页 |
| Ⅴ-3-3.Effects of PD98059/TFP on stomatal closure and NO levels in guard cells by SNP | 第130-132页 |
| Ⅴ-3-4.PD98059 and TFP reopen the closed stomata caused by darkness | 第132页 |
| Ⅴ-3-5.PD98059 and TFP reduce levels of NO generated by darkness | 第132-134页 |
| Ⅴ-4.Discussion | 第134-138页 |
| Chapter Six.Carbon monoxide-induced stomatal closure involves generation of hydrogen peroxide in guard cells | 第138-152页 |
| Ⅵ-1.Introduction | 第138-140页 |
| Ⅵ-2.Materials and methods | 第140-143页 |
| Ⅵ-2-1.Chemicals | 第140-141页 |
| Ⅵ-2-2.Plant materials | 第141页 |
| Ⅵ-2-3.Preparation of the gaseous CO aqueous solution | 第141页 |
| Ⅵ-2-4.Stomatal bioassay | 第141-142页 |
| Ⅵ-2-5.Dye loading of H_2DCF-DA | 第142页 |
| Ⅵ-2-6.Laser-scanning confocal microscopy | 第142-143页 |
| Ⅵ-2-7.Statistical analysis | 第143页 |
| Ⅵ-3.Results | 第143-149页 |
| Ⅵ-3-1.Exogenous CO induces stomatal closure in a dose- and time-dependent manner | 第143-144页 |
| Ⅵ-3-2.H_2O_2 is involved in CO-regulated stomatal closure | 第144-145页 |
| Ⅵ-3-3.CO induces H_2O_2 generation in Vicia faba guard cells | 第145-147页 |
| Ⅵ-3-4.Darkness-induced stomatal closure involves CO and H_2O_2 in Vicia faba | 第147-149页 |
| Ⅵ-3-5.CO is involved in darkness-induced H_2O_2 synthesis | 第149页 |
| Ⅵ-4.Discussion | 第149-152页 |
| Chapter Seven.Carbon monoxide-induced stomatal closure is dependent on nitric oxide synthesis in guard cells | 第152-168页 |
| Ⅶ-1.Introduction | 第152-154页 |
| Ⅶ-2.Materials and methods | 第154-157页 |
| Ⅶ-2-1.Chemicals | 第154页 |
| Ⅶ-2-2.Plant materials | 第154-155页 |
| Ⅶ-2-3.Preparation of the gaseous CO aqueous solution | 第155页 |
| Ⅶ-2-4.Stomatal bioassay | 第155-156页 |
| Ⅶ-2-5.Dye loading of DAF-2 DA | 第156页 |
| Ⅶ-2-6.Laser-scanning confocal microscopy | 第156页 |
| Ⅶ-2-7.Statistical analysis | 第156-157页 |
| Ⅶ-3.Results | 第157-164页 |
| Ⅶ-3-1.Effect of exogenous CO on stomatal aperture of Vicia faba | 第157-158页 |
| Ⅶ-3-2.Effects of the scavenger/inhibitor of CO/NO on stomatal closure by CO | 第158-159页 |
| Ⅶ-3-3.CO induces NO generation in Vicia faba guard cells | 第159-161页 |
| Ⅶ-3-4.Darkness-induced stomatal closure involves CO and NO in Vicia faba | 第161-163页 |
| Ⅶ-3-5.CO is involved in darkness-induced NO synthesis | 第163-164页 |
| Ⅶ-4.Discussion | 第164-168页 |
| Chapter Eight.Conclusions and future perspectives | 第168-172页 |
| Ⅷ-1.Conclusions | 第168-170页 |
| Ⅷ-2.Future perspectives | 第170-172页 |
| References | 第172-216页 |
| Acknowledgments | 第216-218页 |
| The publications during studing for doctor's degree | 第218页 |
