| 摘要 | 第6-7页 |
| abstract | 第7页 |
| Abbreviations | 第10-12页 |
| CHAPTER1 INTRODUCTION | 第12-35页 |
| 1.1 Double Flower Mechanism | 第12页 |
| 1.2 History/Origin of Double Flower | 第12-13页 |
| 1.3 Genetic Characteristics of Double Flower | 第13页 |
| 1.4 Floral Morphology and Responsible Genes in Plants | 第13-20页 |
| 1.4.1 The evodevotics of flowers | 第13-17页 |
| 1.4.2 Origin and major subdivisions of the MADS-box gene family | 第17-18页 |
| 1.4.3 MADS-box genes in Flowering Plants | 第18-20页 |
| 1.5 MADS-Box Transcription Factors | 第20-27页 |
| 1.5.1 Genes Responsible for Double Flowering | 第20-21页 |
| 1.5.2 Floral Development Models | 第21-23页 |
| 1.5.3 Isolation of MADS-Box Genes of Different Species | 第23-27页 |
| 1.6 MADS-Box Genes in Apple | 第27-29页 |
| 1.7 Epigenetic Factors Controlling the Floral Genes | 第29-31页 |
| 1.8 Regulation of Flowering by Environmental Factors and Epigenetic Factors | 第31-33页 |
| 1.8.1 The Effects of Leaf Removal Treatments | 第31页 |
| 1.8.2 Photoperiodic and Temperature Regulation | 第31-32页 |
| 1.8.3 Hormones Involved in Flowering | 第32-33页 |
| 1.9 Significance of the Study | 第33-34页 |
| 1.10 Objectives of the Study | 第34-35页 |
| CHAPTER2 Morphological Analysis of Apple Double Flowers and Homeosis | 第35-42页 |
| 2.1 Introduction | 第35-36页 |
| 2.2 Materials and Methods | 第36-37页 |
| 2.2.1 Plant Materials | 第36-37页 |
| 2.2.2 Scanning electron and light microscopy | 第37页 |
| 2.3 Results | 第37-40页 |
| 2.3.1 Physical Attributes | 第37-38页 |
| 2.3.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy Analysis | 第38-39页 |
| 2.3.3 Light Microscopy Analysis | 第39-40页 |
| 2.4 Discussion | 第40-42页 |
| CHAPTER3 Transcriptome Analysis and Weighted Gene Co-Expression Analysis(WGCNA)of Apple Double Flowers | 第42-69页 |
| 3.1 Introduction | 第42-43页 |
| 3.2 Materials and Methods | 第43-46页 |
| 3.2.1 Plant Materials and Growth Conditions | 第43-44页 |
| 3.2.2 RNA Extraction and Library Preparation for Illumina Sequencing | 第44页 |
| 3.2.3 Construction of Library | 第44页 |
| 3.2.4 Sequencing Quality Control and Reads Mapping to the Reference Genome | 第44-45页 |
| 3.2.5 Differentially Expressed Gene Detection | 第45页 |
| 3.2.6 Gene Enrichment Analysis | 第45页 |
| 3.2.7 Co-expression gene models | 第45-46页 |
| 3.2.8 Validation of RNA-Seq Data | 第46页 |
| 3.3 Results | 第46-67页 |
| 3.3.1 RNA Sequencing of Different Samples | 第46-49页 |
| 3.3.2 Transcriptome dynamics of double flowering | 第49-51页 |
| 3.3.3 Gene Ontology and KEGG analysis | 第51-56页 |
| 3.3.4 Recognizing TF-encoding genes associated with floral organ development | 第56-60页 |
| 3.3.5 Recognizing DEGs related to hormone | 第60-62页 |
| 3.3.6 Weighted gene co-expression analysis(WGCNA) | 第62-65页 |
| 3.3.7 Validation of RNA-Seq Data | 第65-67页 |
| 3.4 Discussion | 第67-69页 |
| CONCLUSION | 第69-108页 |
| REFERENCES | 第108-127页 |
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 第127-128页 |
| CURRICULUM VITAE | 第128-130页 |
