| List of Abbreviations | 第11-13页 |
| 摘要 | 第13-16页 |
| Abstract | 第16-19页 |
| 1. General Introductions and research background | 第20-29页 |
| 1.1 Enterococcus faecalis | 第20页 |
| 1.2 Classification of Enterococci | 第20-21页 |
| 1.3 Enterococcus faecalis in the aquatic and terrestrial environment | 第21-23页 |
| 1.3.1 Aquatic and terrestrial vegetation | 第21-22页 |
| 1.3.2 Beach sand | 第22-23页 |
| 1.3.3 Sediments | 第23页 |
| 1.4 Emergence of antibiotic resistance in Enterococcus faecalis | 第23-26页 |
| 1.4.1 Enterococcus faecalis response against antibiotics | 第23-25页 |
| 1.4.2 Development of resistant Enterococcus faecalis in a constructed mesocosm | 第25-26页 |
| 1.5 Research background | 第26-27页 |
| 1.6 Statement of the problem and justification | 第27-29页 |
| 2. Literature review | 第29-43页 |
| 2.1 The rise of the Enterococcus faecalis resistance | 第29页 |
| 2.2 Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance | 第29-33页 |
| 2.2.1 β-lactam resistance | 第30页 |
| 2.2.2 Glycopeptide resistance | 第30页 |
| 2.2.3 Macrolides resistance | 第30-31页 |
| 2.2.4 Quinolones resistance | 第31页 |
| 2.2.5 Tetracyclines resistance | 第31-32页 |
| 2.2.6 Phenicols resistance | 第32-33页 |
| 2.3 Biofilm development in Enterococcus faecalis | 第33-35页 |
| 2.3.1 Enterococcus faecalis biofilm formation factors | 第33-34页 |
| 2.3.2 Role of quorum-sensing in Enterococcus faecalis biofilm development | 第34-35页 |
| 2.4 Quorum sensing in Enterococcus faecalis | 第35-41页 |
| 2.4.1 Fsr mediated quorum-sensing | 第36-39页 |
| 2.4.2 Cytolysin regulation | 第39-41页 |
| 2.5 Nutrient pollution and survival of Enterococcus faecalis | 第41-43页 |
| 3. Assessment of trophic level index in a constructed mesocosms after differentnutrient-enrichment | 第43-57页 |
| 3.1 Materials and methods | 第44-47页 |
| 3.1.1 Experimental design of experiment 1 mesocosms | 第44-45页 |
| 3.1.2 Experimental design of experiment 2 mesocosms | 第45-46页 |
| 3.1.3 Trophic level index (TLI) | 第46-47页 |
| 3.1.4 Statistical analysis | 第47页 |
| 3.2 Results | 第47-55页 |
| 3.2.1 Nutrient impact on mesocosm TLI | 第49-55页 |
| 3.3 Discussion | 第55-57页 |
| 4. Nutrient-induced antibiotic resistance in Enterococcus faecalis in the eutrophicenvironment | 第57-72页 |
| 4.1 Materials and methods | 第58-60页 |
| 4.1.1 Standard strain and antibiotics | 第58页 |
| 4.1.2 Enterococci isolation, purification, and identification | 第58页 |
| 4.1.3 Enterococcus faecalis sensitivity testing | 第58-59页 |
| 4.1.4 Detection of resistance genes | 第59-60页 |
| 4.1.5 Statistical analysis | 第60页 |
| 4.2 Results | 第60-68页 |
| 4.2.1 Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on Enterococcus faecalis antibioticresistance | 第60-65页 |
| 4.2.2 Detection of resistance genes | 第65-68页 |
| 4.3 Discussion | 第68-72页 |
| 4.3.1 Correlation of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and antibioticresistance | 第68-69页 |
| 4.3.2 Antibiotic resistance genes | 第69-72页 |
| 5. Responses of Enterococcus faecalis survival and biofilm development to nutrientsin a model ecosystem | 第72-81页 |
| 5.1 Materials and methods | 第73-74页 |
| 5.1.1 Sample collection | 第73页 |
| 5.1.2 Isolation and identification of Enterococcus faecalis | 第73页 |
| 5.1.3 Biofilm assay | 第73-74页 |
| 5.1.4 Statistical analysis | 第74页 |
| 5.2 Results | 第74-78页 |
| 5.2.1 Enumeration of Enterococcus faecalis in mesocosms | 第74-75页 |
| 5.2.2 Mesocosms appearance and survival of Enterococcus faecalis | 第75-76页 |
| 5.2.3 Biofilm development | 第76-78页 |
| 5.3 Discussion | 第78-81页 |
| 5.3.1 Correlation of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations on Enterococcusfaecalis survival | 第78-79页 |
| 5.3.2 Nutrients and biofilm formation | 第79-81页 |
| 6. Responses of Enterococcus faecalis quorum-sensing to nutrients in a modelecosystem | 第81-92页 |
| 6.1 Materials and methods | 第82-84页 |
| 6.1.1 Gelatinase assay | 第82页 |
| 6.1.2 Physiochemical analyses | 第82-83页 |
| 6.1.3 Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) | 第83-84页 |
| 6.1.4 Statistical analysis | 第84页 |
| 6.2 Results | 第84-89页 |
| 6.2.1 Analysis of quorum-sensing gene expression | 第84-89页 |
| 6.3 Discussion | 第89-92页 |
| 7. General discussion, conclusions, and recommendations | 第92-103页 |
| 7.1 Discussion | 第92-98页 |
| 7.2 Conclusion | 第98-100页 |
| 7.3 Recommendations | 第100-103页 |
| References | 第103-120页 |
| Appendices | 第120-123页 |
| Published Papers and other Academic Achievements during the Program | 第123-124页 |
| Acknowledgements | 第124-125页 |
| Shorten version of the thesis in Chinese | 第125-136页 |
