| 摘要 | 第3-5页 |
| Abstract | 第5-6页 |
| Chapter 1 Review | 第10-20页 |
| 1.1 Toxicity effects of fluoride on animals | 第10-12页 |
| 1.2 Toxicity effects of fluoride on skeleton development | 第12-14页 |
| 1.3 Toxicity effects of fluoride on thyroid gland | 第14-19页 |
| 1.3.1 The synthesis of thyroid hormones | 第14-15页 |
| 1.3.2 Deiodinases | 第15-16页 |
| 1.3.3 Thyroid hormones receptors | 第16-17页 |
| 1.3.4 Disruption of thyroid gland by fluoride | 第17-19页 |
| 1.4 Objective | 第19-20页 |
| Chapter 2 Toxicological effects of fluoride exposure on growth,development and skeleton development in Bufo gargarizans larvae | 第20-34页 |
| 2.1 Introduction | 第20-22页 |
| 2.2 Materials and methods | 第22-24页 |
| 2.2.1 Animals | 第22页 |
| 2.2.2 Sodium fluoride exposure experiment | 第22-23页 |
| 2.2.3 Determination of the skeleton development | 第23-24页 |
| 2.2.4 Statistical analysis | 第24页 |
| 2.3 Results | 第24-30页 |
| 2.3.1 Water quality | 第24-25页 |
| 2.3.2 Mortality | 第25页 |
| 2.3.3 Effect of NaF on snout-vent length, body mass and total body length of B. gargarizan larvae | 第25-26页 |
| 2.3.4 Effect of NaF on development stage of B. gargarizan larvae | 第26-27页 |
| 2.3.5 Body mass and body size of B. gargarizans larvae reared for stage G46 | 第27-28页 |
| 2.3.6 Effect of NaF on skeleton development in B. gargarizan larvae | 第28-30页 |
| 2.4 Discussion | 第30-34页 |
| Chapter 3 Chronic toxicological effects of fluoride on metamorphosis,thyroid, iodothyronine deiodinases and thyroid hormones receptorsexpression in Bufo gargarizans larvae | 第34-50页 |
| 3.1 Introduction | 第34-36页 |
| 3.2 Materials and methods | 第36-40页 |
| 3.2.1 Sodium fluoride exposure experiment | 第36-37页 |
| 3.2.2 Histological measurements of thyroid gland | 第37页 |
| 3.2.3 RNA extraction and reverse transcription into cDNA | 第37-38页 |
| 3.2.4 RT-qPCR analysis of Dio2, Dio3, TRa and TRβ gene expression | 第38-39页 |
| 3.2.5 Statistical analysis | 第39-40页 |
| 3.3 Results | 第40-44页 |
| 3.3.1 Metamorphosis percent | 第40页 |
| 3.3.2 Body mass and body size of B. gargarizan larvae reared for stage G42 | 第40-41页 |
| 3.3.3 Effect of NaF on thyroid gland of B. gargarizans larvae | 第41-42页 |
| 3.3.4 Effect of NaF on Dio2 and Dio3 expression | 第42-43页 |
| 3.3.5 Effect of NaF on TRa and TRβ expression | 第43-44页 |
| 3.4 Discussion | 第44-50页 |
| Chapter 4 Effects of fluoride on development and growth of Ranachensinensis embryos and larvae | 第50-64页 |
| 4.1 Introduction | 第50-51页 |
| 4.2 Material and Methods | 第51-53页 |
| 4.2.1 Animals | 第51页 |
| 4.2.2 Sodium fluoride exposure experiment | 第51-52页 |
| 4.2.3 Chronic toxicity test for R. chensinensis embryos | 第52页 |
| 4.2.4 Chronic toxicity test for R. chensinensis larvae | 第52-53页 |
| 4.2.5 Statistical analysis | 第53页 |
| 4.3 Results | 第53-59页 |
| 4.3.1 Water quality | 第53-54页 |
| 4.3.2 Mortality, growth and development of embryos | 第54-55页 |
| 4.3.3 Embryos malformation | 第55-56页 |
| 4.3.4 Mortality, growth and development of larvae | 第56-58页 |
| 4.3.5 Metamorphosis and body size at metamorphic climax (G42) | 第58-59页 |
| 4.4 Discussion | 第59-64页 |
| Chapter 5 Conclusion | 第64-66页 |
| References | 第66-76页 |
| 致谢 | 第76-78页 |
| 攻读硕士学位期间研究成果 | 第78页 |
