| 摘要 | 第1-5页 |
| Abstract | 第5-6页 |
| List of Figures and Tables | 第6-10页 |
| Chapter One Introduction | 第10-17页 |
| ·Research Context | 第10-14页 |
| ·Changes of Curriculum and Teaching Materials | 第10-11页 |
| ·Reform of NMET | 第11-13页 |
| ·Introduction of Open-ended Composition | 第13-14页 |
| ·Research Questions | 第14-15页 |
| ·Significance of the Study | 第15-16页 |
| ·Organization of the Thesis | 第16-17页 |
| Chapter Two Literature Review | 第17-39页 |
| ·Research into Washback | 第17-29页 |
| ·Definitions of Washback | 第17-18页 |
| ·Direction of washback | 第18-19页 |
| ·Mechanisms and Models of Washback | 第19-23页 |
| ·Alderson and Wall's Washback Hypothesis | 第20-21页 |
| ·Hughes' Washback Model | 第21-23页 |
| ·Empirical Studies of Washback Effect | 第23-29页 |
| ·Washback Study abroad | 第23-26页 |
| ·Washback Study in China | 第26-29页 |
| ·Creative thinking and Writing Process | 第29-37页 |
| ·Understanding Creative Thinking | 第30-31页 |
| ·Definition of Creative Thinking | 第30页 |
| ·Demands of Creative Thinking | 第30-31页 |
| ·Understanding Writing Process | 第31-37页 |
| ·From Product to Process | 第31-32页 |
| ·Flower and Hayes' Cognitive Process Theory of Writing | 第32-34页 |
| ·Process Approach | 第34-37页 |
| ·Summary | 第37-39页 |
| Chapter Three Research Design and Methodology | 第39-53页 |
| ·Overall Framework of Research Design and Methodology | 第39页 |
| ·Participants | 第39-42页 |
| ·Teachers | 第40-41页 |
| ·Students | 第41-42页 |
| ·Instruments | 第42-45页 |
| ·Questionnaire | 第43-45页 |
| ·Content and Structure of the Questionnaire | 第43-44页 |
| ·Pretest of the Questionnaire | 第44-45页 |
| ·Interview | 第45页 |
| ·Data Collecting Procedures | 第45-48页 |
| ·Questionnaire | 第45-46页 |
| ·Interview | 第46-48页 |
| ·Data Collection from Teachers | 第46-47页 |
| ·Data Collection from Students | 第47-48页 |
| ·Approaches to Data Analysis | 第48-49页 |
| ·Questionnaire | 第48-49页 |
| ·Interview | 第49页 |
| ·Consideration for Validity and Reliability | 第49-52页 |
| ·Questionnaire | 第49-50页 |
| ·Interview | 第50-52页 |
| ·Summary | 第52-53页 |
| Chapter Four Analysis and Findings | 第53-78页 |
| ·Questionnaire Results | 第53-68页 |
| ·Descriptive Data | 第54-58页 |
| ·Teachers' Background | 第54页 |
| ·Teachers' Opinions on Teaching Materials | 第54-56页 |
| ·Teachers' Views on Purpose of Teaching Writing | 第56-57页 |
| ·Students' Difficulties on Writing and the Countermeasures | 第57-58页 |
| ·Results Focusing on Open-ended Composition | 第58-60页 |
| ·Frequencies of Writing Exercises and Writing Sources | 第58-59页 |
| ·Teachers' Behaviors and Attitudes towards Open-ended Composition | 第59-60页 |
| ·Inferential Statistical Analysis | 第60-68页 |
| ·Emphasizing Communicative Competence rather then Linguistic Competence-Results on Item 13 | 第60-64页 |
| ·Changes on Classroom Activities and Writing Procedures-Results on Item 9 and Item 14 | 第64-66页 |
| ·Changes on Assessment-Results on Item 10 and Item 15 | 第66-68页 |
| ·Interview Results | 第68-77页 |
| ·Teachers' Interview | 第68-74页 |
| ·Students' Interview | 第74-77页 |
| ·Summary | 第77-78页 |
| Chapter Five General Discussions and Conclusion | 第78-90页 |
| ·Summary of Findings | 第78-81页 |
| ·Teachers' Views towards Open-ended Composition-Findings of Sub-Research Question One | 第78-79页 |
| ·Pre-class Preparation, In-class Teaching Procedure and After-class Writing Assessment of Open-ended Composition-Findings of Sub-Research Question Two | 第79-81页 |
| ·Discussions | 第81-85页 |
| ·Positive Washback on Teaching Writing | 第81-82页 |
| ·Shift from Grammatical Training toward Real-life Communication | 第82页 |
| ·Promoting Creative Thinking-Shift from Product toward Process in Writing Instruction | 第82-83页 |
| ·Major Factors as the hindrances to the Positive washback | 第83-85页 |
| ·Conclusion | 第85-86页 |
| ·Implications | 第86-88页 |
| ·Limitations of the Study | 第88-89页 |
| ·Need for Further Research | 第89-90页 |
| References | 第90-95页 |
| Appendix A | 第95-98页 |
| Appendix B | 第98-99页 |
| Appendix C | 第99-100页 |
| Appendix D | 第100-104页 |
| Appendix E | 第104-106页 |
| Acknowledgement | 第106页 |
