| Acknowledgements | 第1-5页 |
| Abstract (English) | 第5-7页 |
| Abstract (Chinese) | 第7-12页 |
| List of Tables and Figures | 第12-14页 |
| List of Abbreviations | 第14-15页 |
| Introduction | 第15-17页 |
| Chapter One Literature Review | 第17-42页 |
| ·Importance and Development of Language Testing | 第17-19页 |
| ·The pre-scientific phase | 第17-18页 |
| ·The psychometric-structuralist phase | 第18页 |
| ·The psycholinguistic-sociolinguistic phase | 第18-19页 |
| ·Validity and Validation | 第19-20页 |
| ·Aspects of Validity Evidence | 第20-25页 |
| ·Theory-based validity | 第21-22页 |
| ·Context validity | 第22-23页 |
| ·Scoring validity | 第23-24页 |
| ·Criterion-related validity | 第24-25页 |
| ·Consequential validity | 第25页 |
| ·The Parameters of Scoring Validity | 第25-37页 |
| ·Rating scale | 第26-29页 |
| ·Rating procedure | 第29-34页 |
| ·Raters | 第34-35页 |
| ·Grading and awarding | 第35-37页 |
| ·A Brief History of Writing Assessment | 第37-38页 |
| ·Nature of Writing Assessment | 第38-39页 |
| ·An Introduction to PETS3 | 第39-41页 |
| ·Research Questions | 第41页 |
| ·Summary | 第41-42页 |
| Chapter Two Methodology | 第42-45页 |
| ·Participants | 第42页 |
| ·Instruments | 第42-43页 |
| ·Procedures of Data Collection | 第43-45页 |
| ·Selecting raters | 第43页 |
| ·Rater training | 第43-44页 |
| ·Rating | 第44-45页 |
| Chapter Three Results and Discussion | 第45-77页 |
| ·Discussion on the Rating Reliability of Three Raters | 第45-48页 |
| ·Discussion on the Relationship Between Original Ratings and Standardized Ratings on Essays in PETS3 in March 2004 | 第48-51页 |
| ·Discussion on the descriptive statistics of original ratings and standardized ratings on essays in PETS3 in March 2004 | 第48-50页 |
| ·Discussion on the correlation between original ratings and standardized ratings on essays in PETS3 in March 2004 | 第50-51页 |
| ·Discussion on the mean comparison between original ratings and standardized ratings on essays in PETS3 in March 2004 | 第51页 |
| ·Discussion on the Relationship Between Original Ratings and Standardized Ratings on Essays in PETS3 in March 2005 | 第51-61页 |
| ·Discussion on the descriptive statistics of original ratings and standardized ratings on essays in PETS3 in March 2005 | 第51-53页 |
| ·Discussion on the correlation between original ratings and standardized ratings on essays in PETS3 in March 2005 | 第53-54页 |
| ·Discussion on the mean comparison between original ratings and standardized ratings on essays in PETS3 in March 2005 | 第54-57页 |
| ·Discussion on mean comparison of essays in higher score groups | 第57-58页 |
| ·Discussion on mean comparison of essays in lower score groups | 第58-59页 |
| ·Discussion on mean comparison of essays in medium score groups | 第59-61页 |
| ·Discussion on the Relationship Between Original Ratings on Essays in PETS3 in March 2004 and Those in March 2005 | 第61-66页 |
| ·Discussion on the descriptive statistics of ratings in March 2004 and those in March 2005 | 第61-62页 |
| ·Discussion on the correlation between ratings in March 2004 and those in March 2005 | 第62-65页 |
| ·Discussion on the mean comparison between ratings in March 2004 and those in March 2005 | 第65-66页 |
| ·Discussion on Results of Qualitative Analysis of the Writing Task | 第66-76页 |
| ·Discussion on the writing task in PETS3 in March 2005 | 第66-71页 |
| ·Comparison of raters on poor essay: Analysis of script 262 | 第71-72页 |
| ·Comparison of raters on good essay: Analysis of script 112 | 第72-73页 |
| ·Divergence between original and standardized raters:Analysis of script 187 and script 397 | 第73-76页 |
| ·Summary | 第76-77页 |
| Chapter Four Conclusion | 第77-82页 |
| ·Findings and Answers to the Research Questions | 第77-79页 |
| ·Implications for Writing Assessment in PETS and High-stake Tests | 第79-80页 |
| ·Limitations of the Study and Recommendations for Future Research | 第80-82页 |
| Bibliography | 第82-88页 |
| Appendix 1 Rating Principles for Essays in PETS3 | 第88-89页 |
| Appendix 2 Scoring Criteria for Essays in PETS3 | 第89-90页 |
| Appendix 3 Training Procedure (Ⅰ) | 第90-91页 |
| Appendix 4 Training Procedure (Ⅱ) | 第91-92页 |
| Appendix 5 Publications | 第92页 |
