| Acknowledgements | 第9-11页 |
| Contents | 第11-14页 |
| List of Figures | 第14-16页 |
| List of Tables | 第16-17页 |
| List of Abbreviations | 第17-19页 |
| ABSTRACT | 第19-22页 |
| 摘要 | 第23-26页 |
| Chapter 1 General introduction | 第26-29页 |
| Chapter 2 Literature review | 第29-50页 |
| 2.1 Stress and its consequences | 第29-33页 |
| 2.1.1 Plant stress | 第29页 |
| 2.1.2 What is drought stress? | 第29-30页 |
| 2.1.3 What is salinity stress? | 第30页 |
| 2.1.4 How salinity and drought stresses are related | 第30-31页 |
| 2.1.5 Concepts and consequences of drought and salinity stress on plants | 第31-33页 |
| 2.1.6 Mechanisms of acclimation or adaptation to drought and salinity stress | 第33页 |
| 2.2 Effects of drought stress and salinity stress on plant morphology and yield | 第33-38页 |
| 2.2.1 Growth and development | 第33-34页 |
| 2.2.2 Yield | 第34-36页 |
| 2.2.3 Morphological differences between barley cultivars and wild barley | 第36-38页 |
| 2.3 Effects of drought and salinity st-ress on plant physiology | 第38-47页 |
| 2.3.1 Water relations | 第38-39页 |
| 2.3.2 Photosynthesis | 第39页 |
| 2.3.3 Chlorophyll contents | 第39-40页 |
| 2.3.4 Chlorophyll fluorescence | 第40-41页 |
| 2.3.5 Plant nutrition | 第41-42页 |
| 2.3.6 Oxidative stress and enzymatic regulation | 第42-44页 |
| 2.3.7 Compatible solutes in the regulation of ROS levels | 第44-45页 |
| 2.3.8 Plant secondary metabolism | 第45-46页 |
| 2.3.9 Ultra-morphology of plants | 第46-47页 |
| 2.4 Gene expression,proteomics,metabolomics | 第47-48页 |
| 2.5 Recovery after stress dictates survival | 第48-50页 |
| Chapter 3 Genotypic differences in antioxidative system,water use efficiency andNa~+/K~+ ratio in Tibetan wild and cultivated barley in response to drought andsalinity combined stress | 第50-73页 |
| 3.1 Materials and methods | 第51-55页 |
| 3.2 Results | 第55-68页 |
| 3.2.1 Plant height and biomass accumulation | 第55-57页 |
| 3.2.2 Photosynthetic parameters and water use efficiency(WUE) | 第57-59页 |
| 3.2.3 Chlorophyll content and fluorescence | 第59-60页 |
| 3.2.4 Na~+ and K~+ concentration | 第60-62页 |
| 3.2.5 Macro and micro mineral element concentrations | 第62-64页 |
| 3.2.6 Antioxidant enzymes activities | 第64-66页 |
| 3.2.7 Lipid peroxidation (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H_2O_2) contents | 第66-68页 |
| 3.3 Discussion | 第68-72页 |
| 3.4 Conclusion | 第72-73页 |
| Chapter 4 Genotypic differences in water relations, ATPase and ultrastucturechanges under drought and salinity combined stress in Tibetan wild and cultivatedbarley | 第73-87页 |
| 4.1 Materials and methods | 第74-77页 |
| 4.2 Results | 第77-83页 |
| 4.2.1 Leaf water relations | 第77-78页 |
| 4.2.2 Proline and soluble sugars | 第78-79页 |
| 4.2.3 Glycine-beatine and total soluble protein | 第79页 |
| 4.2.4 Non-enzymatic antioxidants | 第79-80页 |
| 4.2.5 Activity of H+-ATPase and Ca~(2+)Mg~(2+)-ATPase in barley leaves | 第80页 |
| 4.2.6 Ultrastructural in chloroplast and mitochondria | 第80-81页 |
| 4.2.7 Ultrastructural in root tip cells | 第81-83页 |
| 4.3 Discussion | 第83-86页 |
| 4.4 Conclusion | 第86-87页 |
| Chapter 5 Comparative proteomic study in response to combined stress of droughtand salinity between Tibetan wild and cultivated barleys | 第87-110页 |
| 5.1 Materials and methods | 第87-91页 |
| 5.2 Result | 第91-102页 |
| 5.2.1 Differential drought and salinity-induced protein expression in leaves of the three barley genotypes | 第91-101页 |
| 5.2.2 Tibetan wild barley shows higher expression of genes corresponding to drought and salinity up-regulated proteins | 第101-102页 |
| 5.3 Discussion | 第102-108页 |
| 5.4 Conclusion | 第108-110页 |
| Chapter 6 Differential changes in leaf physiology and secondary metabolismbetween Tibetan wild and cultivated barleys under drought and salinity alone andcombined stress and subsequent recovery | 第110-132页 |
| 6.1 Materials and methods | 第110-115页 |
| 6.2 Result | 第115-126页 |
| 6.2.1 Photosynthetic parameters | 第115-116页 |
| 6.2.2 Callose content | 第116-118页 |
| 6.2.3 Activities of enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism | 第118页 |
| 6.2.4 Total phenol, flavinoid contents and DPPH activity | 第118-121页 |
| 6.2.5 Superoxide content | 第121页 |
| 6.2.6 Chitinase activity | 第121页 |
| 6.2.7 Plant detoxification- and secondary metabolism-related enzyme activity | 第121-123页 |
| 6.2.8 The transcript levels of certain genes related to secondary metabolism | 第123-126页 |
| 6.2.9 DNA damage induced by drought and salinity stress | 第126页 |
| 6.3 Discussion | 第126-131页 |
| 6.4 Conclusion | 第131-132页 |
| Chapter 7 Difference in yield and physiological features in response to drought andsalinity combined stress during anthesis in Tibetan wild and cultivated barleys | 第132-153页 |
| 7.1 Materials and methods | 第132-135页 |
| 7.2 Results | 第135-147页 |
| 7.2.1 Plant height and biomass accumulation | 第135-136页 |
| 7.2.2 Yield and yield components | 第136-137页 |
| 7.2.3 Na~+ and K~+ concentrations | 第137-141页 |
| 7.2.4 Photosynthetic parameters and chlorophyll content | 第141-143页 |
| 7.2.5 Antioxidant enzyme activities | 第143页 |
| 7.2.6 Lipid peroxidation (MDA)contents and cell membrane stability index(CMSI) | 第143-145页 |
| 7.2.7 Protease activity and accumulation of glycine-betaine, soluble sugars andsoluble protein | 第145-146页 |
| 7.2.8 Non-enzymatic antioxidant and total phenol contents | 第146-147页 |
| 7.2.9 Activity of ATPase in flag leaves | 第147页 |
| 7.3 Discussion | 第147-152页 |
| 7.4 Conclusion | 第152-153页 |
| Chapter8 Differential changes in grain ultrastructure,amylase,protein and amino acidprofiles between Tibetan wild and cultivated barleys under drought and salinity alone andcombined stress | 第153-167页 |
| 8.1 Materials and methods | 第153-156页 |
| 8.2 Results | 第156-162页 |
| 8.2.1 Grain yield | 第156页 |
| 8.2.2 Total phenol content and antioxidant capacity in barley grain | 第156-157页 |
| 8.2.3 α- and β- amylase activity in barley grain | 第157-158页 |
| 8.2.4 Amino acid contents in barley seed | 第158-160页 |
| 8.2.5 Starch contents and protein fractions in barley grain | 第160-161页 |
| 8.2.6 Scanning electron microscopy observations in endosperm texture | 第161-162页 |
| 8.3 Discussion | 第162-166页 |
| 8.4 Conclusion | 第166-167页 |
| Chapter 9 Major findings and future perspectives | 第167-169页 |
| 9.1 Major findings | 第167-168页 |
| 9.2 Future perspectives | 第168-169页 |
| References | 第169-188页 |
| List of publications | 第188页 |
