| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 第1-20页 |
| Abstract | 第20-25页 |
| 摘要 | 第25-28页 |
| Chapter 1. Literature review | 第28-48页 |
| ·Chromium presence in the environment | 第28页 |
| ·Chromium is an environmental contaminant | 第28-30页 |
| ·Chromium toxicity in plants | 第30-39页 |
| ·Chromium uptake, translocation and accumulation in plants | 第30-31页 |
| ·Effects of chromium toxicity on plant growth and development | 第31-33页 |
| ·Effect of chromium toxicity on physiological processes in plants | 第33-39页 |
| ·Interaction of chromium (Cr) and salinity or aluminum (Al) in plants | 第39-42页 |
| ·Interaction between Cr and NaCl | 第39-41页 |
| ·Interaction between Cr and aluminum (Al) | 第41-42页 |
| ·Strategies for alleviating Cr toxicity in plants | 第42-48页 |
| ·Nitrogen fertilizer forms and alleviation of Cr toxicity | 第42-44页 |
| ·Silicon fertilizer and alleviation of Cr toxicity | 第44-45页 |
| ·Hydrogen sulphide and alleviation of Cr toxicity | 第45-48页 |
| Chapter 2. The Effect of Salinity and Chromium Stresses on Uptake and Accumulation of Mineral Elements in Barley Genotypes Differing in Salt Tolerance | 第48-60页 |
| ·Materials and methods | 第49-51页 |
| ·Seedling growth and treatments | 第49-50页 |
| ·Determination of nutrient concentration in barley plants | 第50页 |
| ·Statistical analysis | 第50-51页 |
| ·Results | 第51-57页 |
| ·Cr and Na concentration and accumulation | 第51-53页 |
| ·K, Mg and Ca concentration and accumulation | 第53-55页 |
| ·Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn concentration and accumulation | 第55-57页 |
| ·Discussion | 第57-60页 |
| Chapter 3. The Interaction of Salinity and Chromium in the Influence of Barley Growth and Oxidative Stress | 第60-72页 |
| ·Materials and methods | 第61-63页 |
| ·Plant material, growth and treatment conditions | 第61页 |
| ·Plant sampling | 第61页 |
| ·Determination of photosynthetic characters | 第61页 |
| ·Extract preparation | 第61页 |
| ·Enzyme assays | 第61-62页 |
| ·Lipid peroxidation | 第62页 |
| ·Statistical analysis | 第62-63页 |
| ·Results | 第63-68页 |
| ·Plant height, biomass and tillers per plant | 第63页 |
| ·Chlorophyll concentration (SPAD value) | 第63-64页 |
| ·Photosynthetic rate (Pn) and stomatal conductance (Gs) | 第64-65页 |
| ·Enzyme activity | 第65-67页 |
| ·MDA content | 第67-68页 |
| ·Discussion | 第68-72页 |
| Chapter 4. The influence of aluminum and chromium stresses on Al, Cr and nutrient concentrations and accumulation of the two barley cultivars differing in Al tolerance | 第72-90页 |
| ·Materials and methods | 第73-75页 |
| ·Plant material, growth and treatment conditions | 第73-74页 |
| ·Determination of nutrient concentration in barley plants | 第74页 |
| ·Statistical Analysis | 第74-75页 |
| ·Results | 第75-86页 |
| ·Al and Cr concentration and accumulation | 第75-77页 |
| ·Nutrient concentration and accumulation | 第77-86页 |
| ·Discussion | 第86-90页 |
| Chapter 5. The effect of chromium and aluminum on growth, root morphology, photosynthetic parameters and transpiration of the two barley cultivars differing in Al tolerance | 第90-100页 |
| ·Materials and methods | 第91-92页 |
| ·Plant materials and treatment conditions | 第91页 |
| ·Measurement of plant growth and biomass | 第91页 |
| ·Measurement of root morphological features | 第91页 |
| ·Measurement of chlorophyll content and photosynthetic apparatus efficiency | 第91-92页 |
| ·Measurement of gas exchange parameters | 第92页 |
| ·Statistical analysis | 第92页 |
| ·Results | 第92-97页 |
| ·Plant height, biomass and tillers per plant | 第92-93页 |
| ·Root characteristics | 第93-95页 |
| ·Chlorophyll concentration and photosynthetic efficiency (F_v/F_m) | 第95-96页 |
| ·Gas Exchange parameters | 第96-97页 |
| ·Discussion | 第97-100页 |
| Chapter 6. Ecotoxicological and interactive effects of chromium and aluminum on growth, oxidative damage and antioxidant enzymes of the two barley cultivars differing in Al tolerance | 第100-116页 |
| ·Materials and methods | 第102-105页 |
| ·Plant material, growth and treatments | 第102页 |
| ·Plant biomass and relative growth rate (RGR) | 第102页 |
| ·Root dehydrogenase activity | 第102页 |
| ·Lipid peroxidation | 第102-103页 |
| ·H_2O_2 accumulation | 第103页 |
| ·Assay of antioxidant enzymes | 第103-104页 |
| ·Statistical analysis | 第104-105页 |
| ·Results | 第105-113页 |
| ·Dry weight and relative growth rate | 第105页 |
| ·Root dehydrogenase activity | 第105-107页 |
| ·Lipid peroxidation(MDA)and hydrogen peroxide(H_2O_2)contents | 第107-108页 |
| ·Antioxidant enzyme activity | 第108-113页 |
| ·Discussion | 第113-116页 |
| Chapter 7. Effect of chromium toxicity on plant growth, photosynthesis and physiological processes in barley as affected by nitrogen form | 第116-132页 |
| ·Materials and methods | 第117-121页 |
| ·Plant material,growth and treatments | 第117-118页 |
| ·Determination of plant growth and biomass | 第118页 |
| ·Determination of photosynthetic pigments | 第118页 |
| ·Measurements of gas exchange parameters and photosynthetic apparatus efficiency | 第118页 |
| ·Assay of antioxidant enzymes,root dehydrogenase activity and lipid Peroxidation | 第118-119页 |
| ·Estimation of electrolyte leakage | 第119页 |
| ·Activities of non-enzymatic antioxidants | 第119-120页 |
| ·Determination of soluble protein and proline contents | 第120页 |
| ·Hydrogen peroxide(H_2O_2) and superoxide(O_2~-)radical contents | 第120页 |
| ·Estimation of Total free amino acids | 第120-121页 |
| ·Nitrogen and chromium determination | 第121页 |
| ·Statistical analysis | 第121页 |
| ·Results | 第121-129页 |
| ·Plant height,biomass and tillers per plant | 第121-122页 |
| ·Gas Exchange parameters,PAR utilization efficiency and photosynthetic efficiency | 第122页 |
| ·Photosynthetic pigments | 第122页 |
| ·Root dehydrogenase activity | 第122-126页 |
| ·Electrolyte leakage,malondialdehyde,hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion(O_2) | 第126页 |
| ·Soluble protein,proline and free amino acid contents | 第126-127页 |
| ·Activities of anti-oxidative enzymes and non-enzymatic antioxidants | 第127-128页 |
| ·Cr and N concentrations | 第128-129页 |
| ·Discussions | 第129-132页 |
| Chapter 8. The effect of silicon on barley growth,photosynthesis and ultra-structure under chromium stress | 第132-146页 |
| ·Materials and methods | 第133-135页 |
| ·Plant material, growth and treatment conditions | 第133页 |
| ·Determination of plant growth and biomass | 第133-134页 |
| ·Measurements of gas exchange parameters, photosynthetic pigments and photosynthetic apparatus efficiency | 第134页 |
| ·Chromium determination | 第134页 |
| ·Transmission electron microscopy | 第134页 |
| ·Statistical analysis | 第134-135页 |
| ·Results and analysis | 第135-139页 |
| ·Plant height, biomass and tillers per plant | 第135页 |
| ·Gas Exchange parameters, chlorophyll concentration (SPAD value) and photosynthetic efficiency (F_v/F_m) | 第135页 |
| ·Chromium concentration and translocation in barley plants | 第135-138页 |
| ·Leaf ultra-structure of barley plants | 第138-139页 |
| ·Root ultrastructure of barley plants | 第139页 |
| ·Discussions | 第139-146页 |
| Chapter 9. Alleviation of Chromium Toxicity by Hydrogen Sulfide in Barley | 第146-158页 |
| ·Materials and methods | 第146-148页 |
| ·Plant material, growth and treatment conditions | 第146-147页 |
| ·Determination of plant growth and biomass | 第147页 |
| ·Measurements of gas exchange parameters, photosynthetic pigments and photosynthetic apparatus efficiency | 第147-148页 |
| ·Chromium determination | 第148页 |
| ·Transmission electron microscopy | 第148页 |
| ·Statistical analysis | 第148页 |
| ·Results and analysis | 第148-151页 |
| ·Plant height, biomass and tillers per plant | 第148页 |
| ·Gas Exchange parameters, chlorophyll concentration (SPAD value) and photosynthetic efficiency (F_v/F_m) | 第148-149页 |
| ·Chromium concentration in barley plants | 第149页 |
| ·Leaf ultra-structure of barley plants | 第149-150页 |
| ·Root ultra-structure of barley plants | 第150-151页 |
| ·Discussions | 第151-158页 |
| References | 第158-188页 |
| List of Publications | 第188-190页 |
