| DEDICATION | 第4-9页 |
| ABSTRACT | 第9-11页 |
| 摘要 | 第12-23页 |
| CHAPTER1 INTRODUCTION AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE | 第23-37页 |
| 1.1 Background and problems | 第23-25页 |
| 1.2 Review of Literature | 第25-31页 |
| 1.2.1 What is biochar,how to make and its benefit? | 第25页 |
| 1.2.2 Influences of biochar amendment on greenhouse gas emissions | 第25-28页 |
| 1.2.3 Biochar amendments and plant growth,root traits and nutrients contents | 第28-31页 |
| 1.3 Interaction of soil physico-chemical and biological properties with biochar amendment | 第31-35页 |
| 1.3.1 Soil physico-chemical properties | 第31-34页 |
| 1.3.2 Soil enzyme activities under soil organic amendments | 第34-35页 |
| 1.4 Research objectives | 第35-37页 |
| CHAPTER2 MATERIALS AND METHODS | 第37-44页 |
| 2.1 Sites Description | 第37页 |
| 2.1.1 Yangling,Shaanxi | 第37页 |
| 2.1.2 Taklimakan Desert | 第37页 |
| 2.2 Collection of banana peels,orange peels and milk tea waste and biochar preparation | 第37-38页 |
| 2.3 Collection of soil samples | 第38页 |
| 2.4 Physico-chemical analysis of soil,banana and orange peels,milk tea waste and its biochar | 第38-41页 |
| 2.4.1 Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)of waste and its biochar | 第39-40页 |
| 2.4.2 Soil enzymatic activities | 第40-41页 |
| 2.5 Plant growth parameters analysis | 第41-42页 |
| 2.5.1 Chlorophyll content | 第41-42页 |
| 2.5.2 Root traits | 第42页 |
| 2.6 Gas sampling and analysis | 第42-43页 |
| 2.7 Statistical analysis | 第43-44页 |
| CHAPTER3 EVALUATION OF ORANGE PEEL WASTE AND ITS BIOCHAR ON GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND SOIL BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES WITHIN A LOESS SOIL | 第44-67页 |
| 3.1 Introduction | 第44-46页 |
| 3.2 Materials and methods | 第46-49页 |
| 3.2.1 Soil and biochar | 第46页 |
| 3.2.2 Collection of waste and biochar preparation | 第46-47页 |
| 3.2.3 Experiment design and amendments | 第47-48页 |
| 3.2.4 Soil,orange peel waste and its biochar analysis | 第48-49页 |
| 3.2.5 Gas sampling and analysis | 第49页 |
| 3.2.6 Soil enzymatic activities | 第49页 |
| 3.3 Statistical analysis | 第49-50页 |
| 3.4 Results and discussion | 第50-66页 |
| 3.4.1 Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) | 第50-51页 |
| 3.4.2 Effect of amendments on soil EC and pH | 第51页 |
| 3.4.3 Dynamics of soil SOC,C:N,and TN under orange waste and its biochar | 第51-52页 |
| 3.4.4 Effects of orange waste and its biochar on soil microbial biomass carbon | 第52-56页 |
| 3.4.5 The impact of orange waste and biochar on soil NH4+-N and NO3- -N | 第56-57页 |
| 3.4.6 The impact of orange waste and its biochar on soil enzyme activities | 第57-59页 |
| 3.4.7 The effects of orange waste and biochar on greenhouse gas emissions | 第59-66页 |
| 3.5 Conclusion | 第66-67页 |
| CHAPTER4 CONTRASTING EFFECTS OF BANANA PEELS WASTE AND ITS BIOCHAR ON GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND SOIL BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES | 第67-89页 |
| 4.1 Introduction | 第67-70页 |
| 4.2 Materials and methods | 第70-73页 |
| 4.2.1 Banana peels waste collection and preparation of its biochar | 第70-71页 |
| 4.2.2 Soil sampling and analysis | 第71-72页 |
| 4.2.3 Experimental design and amendments | 第72页 |
| 4.2.4 Gas sampling and analysis | 第72-73页 |
| 4.2.5 Soil enzymes assays | 第73页 |
| 4.3 Statistical analysis | 第73-74页 |
| 4.4 Results and discussion | 第74-88页 |
| 4.4.1 Characteristics of biochar and soil after banana peel and biochar amendments | 第74-75页 |
| 4.4.2 Influence of peel waste and its biochar on SOC and TN | 第75页 |
| 4.4.3 Impact of peel waste and biochar on soil NH4+-N and NO3..N | 第75-76页 |
| 4.4.4 Effects of peel waste and biochar on available P and K | 第76-77页 |
| 4.4.5 The impact of peel waste and its biochar on microbial biomass carbon(MBC)and nitrogen(MBN) | 第77-79页 |
| 4.4.6 Interaction of enzymatic activities with banana peel waste and biochar | 第79-82页 |
| 4.4.7 Greenhouse gas emissions under banana peel waste and its biochar amendments | 第82-88页 |
| 4.5 Conclusion | 第88-89页 |
| CHAPTER5 EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT BIOCHARS ON WHEAT GROWTH PARAMETERS,YIELD AND SOIL FERTILITY STATUS IN A SILTY CLAY LOAM SOIL | 第89-110页 |
| 5.1 Introduction | 第89-92页 |
| 5.2 Materials and Methods | 第92-95页 |
| 5.2.1 Collection of feedstock’s and biochar production | 第92页 |
| 5.2.2 Soil sampling area | 第92-93页 |
| 5.2.3 Pot experiment setup | 第93-94页 |
| 5.2.4 Plant growth and yield parameters | 第94页 |
| 5.2.5 Physicochemical analysis of soil,biochar and plant | 第94-95页 |
| 5.3 Statistical analysis | 第95-96页 |
| 5.4 Results and Discussion | 第96-109页 |
| 5.4.1 Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) | 第96页 |
| 5.4.2 Influence of soil amendments on wheat growth parameters | 第96-99页 |
| 5.4.3 Effects of soil amendments on nutrients(N,P and K)contents in grains,shoots and roots of wheat | 第99-101页 |
| 5.4.4 The impact of soil amendments on root traits | 第101-102页 |
| 5.4.5 The influence of different biochars on soil enzyme activities | 第102-104页 |
| 5.4.6 Influence of amendments on soil pH and SOC | 第104-106页 |
| 5.4.7 Effect of soil amendments on soil available N,P and K | 第106-109页 |
| 5.5 Conclusion | 第109-110页 |
| CHAPTER6 CO-APPLICATION OF MILK TEA WASTE AND NPK FERTILIZERS TO IMPROVE SANDY SOIL BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND WHEAT GROWTH | 第110-129页 |
| 6.1 Introduction | 第110-112页 |
| 6.2 Materials and Methods | 第112-116页 |
| 6.2.1 Collection of milk tea waste(TW)and sandy soil | 第112-113页 |
| 6.2.2 Experimental setup | 第113-114页 |
| 6.2.3 Plant growth parameters | 第114页 |
| 6.2.4 Chlorophyll content | 第114页 |
| 6.2.5 Root traits | 第114-115页 |
| 6.2.6 Chemical analysis of soil,plant and milk tea waste | 第115页 |
| 6.2.7 Soil enzyme assays | 第115-116页 |
| 6.3 Statistical analysis | 第116页 |
| 6.4 Results and Discussions | 第116-128页 |
| 6.4.1 Effect of milk Tea waste(TW)application on plant growth | 第116-118页 |
| 6.4.2 Effect of amendments on N,P,and K contents in wheat shoots and roots | 第118-120页 |
| 6.4.3 Impact of TW on wheat root traits | 第120-122页 |
| 6.4.4 Soil chemical properties | 第122-124页 |
| 6.4.5 Influence of TW amendment on soil chemical properties | 第124-126页 |
| 6.4.6 Relationships among root and plant NPK,soil enzymes activities and soil properties | 第126-128页 |
| 6.5 Conclusions | 第128-129页 |
| SUMMARY AND MAIN CONCLUSIONS | 第129-131页 |
| CHAPTER7 SUGGESTIONS AND OUTLOOK | 第131-132页 |
| REFERENCES | 第132-151页 |
| ABOUT THE AUTHOR | 第151-152页 |
| PUBLICATIONS PEER REVIWED PAPERS(SCI) | 第152-154页 |
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | 第154页 |
