| Chapter One: Introduction and Review of Literature | 第1-43页 |
| ·Petroleum Pollution | 第13-17页 |
| ·Origin of Petroleum | 第14-15页 |
| ·Composition of Petroleum | 第15-16页 |
| ·Properties of Petroleum | 第16-17页 |
| ·Oil pollution | 第17-21页 |
| ·Source of oil pollution | 第17-18页 |
| ·Oil Spills and Environmental Damage | 第18-19页 |
| ·Impacts of the oil pollutant | 第19-20页 |
| ·Nature's cleaning: Role of microbes | 第20-21页 |
| ·Microorganisms and petroleum hydrocarbons | 第21-22页 |
| ·Petroleum hydrocarbon utilization potentials of microbes | 第21-22页 |
| ·The organisms involved in oil biodegradation | 第22页 |
| ·Genetically engineered microbes | 第22-26页 |
| ·Definition | 第22-23页 |
| ·Plasmid-encoded enzymes related to hydrocarbon degradation | 第23-24页 |
| ·Genetic Manipulation of microbial strains for enhanced oil biodegradalion | 第24-25页 |
| ·Diohazards associated with engineered oil -degrading microbes | 第25-26页 |
| ·Non-microbial utilization of petroleum hydrocarbon | 第26页 |
| ·Oil spill biodegradalion concept | 第26-27页 |
| ·Chemistry of biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons | 第27-33页 |
| ·The metabolism of n-alkane by microorganisms | 第27-32页 |
| ·The Genes encoding for enzymes in n -alkane assimilation | 第32-33页 |
| ·Factors affecting microbial degradation of oil pollutant | 第33-37页 |
| ·Soil oxidation | 第33-34页 |
| ·Contaminant Type and Concentration | 第34页 |
| ·Environment | 第34页 |
| ·Soil Type | 第34-35页 |
| ·Condition and Proximity of Groundwater | 第35页 |
| ·Chemistry of the surface film | 第35-36页 |
| ·Class of crude oil | 第36页 |
| ·Nutrients | 第36-37页 |
| ·Approach to rehabilitation of oil polluted soils | 第37-41页 |
| ·Nothing | 第37-38页 |
| ·Burning | 第38页 |
| ·Containment and recovery | 第38页 |
| ·Dispersants | 第38页 |
| ·Biodegradation | 第38-40页 |
| ·Phytoremedialion | 第39页 |
| ·Bioremediation | 第39页 |
| ·Advantages of bioremediation | 第39-40页 |
| ·Types of bioremediation | 第40-41页 |
| ·Influencing Factors | 第41页 |
| ·Justification | 第41-43页 |
| Chapter Two: Materials and Methods | 第43-59页 |
| ·Samples | 第43页 |
| ·Soil | 第43页 |
| ·Pig dung and Chicken droppings | 第43页 |
| ·Oil samples | 第43页 |
| ·Treatment of Samples | 第43-44页 |
| ·Soil Characterization | 第44-47页 |
| ·Particle size analysis with hydrometer | 第44页 |
| ·Soil pH | 第44-45页 |
| ·Moisture content | 第45页 |
| ·Total nitrogen | 第45页 |
| ·Organic carbon | 第45-46页 |
| ·Available phosphorous in the Soil | 第46页 |
| ·Preparation of soil sample for chemical analysis | 第46-47页 |
| ·Physicochcmical analysis of pig dung and chicken droppings | 第47-48页 |
| ·Isolation and screening of bacteria in soil | 第48-50页 |
| ·Enumeration of bacteria in the soil samples | 第48-49页 |
| ·Preliminary screening of the isolates for crude oil utilizing capability | 第49页 |
| ·Preliminary screening of the isolates for gasoline and d iesel oil utilizing capability | 第49页 |
| ·Maintenance of pure cultures | 第49页 |
| ·Characterization and identification of the isolates | 第49-50页 |
| ·Evaluation of the effect of waste oil on soil bacterial population | 第50页 |
| ·PHC biodegradation studies | 第50-53页 |
| ·Rate of crude oil degradation | 第50-51页 |
| ·Adherence and Emulsification of crude oil by oil degrading bacterial isolates | 第51页 |
| ·Measurement of crude oil biodegradation with gas chromatograph | 第51-52页 |
| ·Measurement of the extent of crude oil biodegradation in oil polluted soil | 第52-53页 |
| ·Crude oil degradation enhancement using pig dung and chicken dropping | 第53-55页 |
| ·Microbiological analyses of pig dung and chicken dropping | 第53页 |
| ·Screening of the isolates from pig dung a nd chicken dropping for oil degradation potential | 第53页 |
| ·Crude oil biodegradation rate in oil polluted soil amended with pig dung and chicken dropping | 第53-55页 |
| ·Monitoring of pH | 第55页 |
| ·Diesel fuel degradation studies | 第55-56页 |
| ·Rate of diesel fuel biodegradation | 第55页 |
| ·Effects of nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations on diesel fuel degradation | 第55-56页 |
| ·Effects of sources of nitrogen on diesel fuel utilization | 第56页 |
| ·Effects of pH and temperature on diesel fuel biodegradation | 第56页 |
| ·Mutagenesis and biosurfactant production | 第56-58页 |
| ·Mutagenesis | 第56-57页 |
| ·Biodegradation of crude oil by the parent and mutant strains | 第57页 |
| ·Biosurfactant production and quantification | 第57-58页 |
| ·Statistical analysis | 第58-59页 |
| Chapter three: Results | 第59-100页 |
| ·Properties of the samples | 第59-60页 |
| ·Properties of the soil samples | 第59页 |
| ·Properties of the pig dung and chicken droppings | 第59-60页 |
| ·Crude oil utilization by the bacterial isolales | 第60-63页 |
| ·Identification of crude oil utilizing bacterial isolates | 第63-66页 |
| ·Crude oil biodegradation profile of the bacterial isolates | 第66-67页 |
| ·Emulsification and adherence to crude oil by the isolates | 第67页 |
| ·Growth of the bacterial isolates in lagoma light crude oil medium | 第67-69页 |
| ·Effect of crude oil on pollution on soil physicochcmical properties | 第69-76页 |
| ·Soil pH | 第69-70页 |
| ·Moisture content | 第70-71页 |
| ·Total nitrogen | 第71-73页 |
| ·Organic carbon | 第73-74页 |
| ·Available phosphorous | 第74-76页 |
| ·Effect of crude oil pollution on soil bacteria | 第76-79页 |
| ·Total aerobic heterotrophic bacteria | 第76-77页 |
| ·Crude oil utilizing bacteria | 第77-78页 |
| ·Gas chromatograph | 第78-79页 |
| ·Biological properties of the pig dung and chicken dropping used in biodegradation studies | 第79-90页 |
| ·Bacterial counts | 第79-80页 |
| ·Crude oil utilization by the bacterial isolates from pig dung and chicken dropping | 第80-82页 |
| ·Effect of amending soil with pig dung or chicken dropping on crude oil biodegradation | 第82-88页 |
| ·The pH values of soil treated with crude oil and amended with pig dung or chicken dropping | 第88-90页 |
| ·Degradation of diesel fuel and gasoline | 第90-95页 |
| ·Utilization of diesel fuel and gasoline by non crude oil degraders | 第90页 |
| ·Growth profile of the bacterial isolates on diesel fuel | 第90-92页 |
| ·Effect of different combinations of nitrogen and phosphorous on diesel oil biodegradation | 第92-94页 |
| ·The effect of pH and temperature on diesel fuel degradation | 第94-95页 |
| ·Biosurfactant production | 第95-100页 |
| ·Measurement of hemolytic activity | 第95-96页 |
| ·Crude oil degradation | 第96-98页 |
| ·Measurement of biosurfactant production | 第98-100页 |
| Chapter four: General Discussion | 第100-110页 |
| 5. Summary and Conclusions | 第110-113页 |
| 6. References | 第113-128页 |
| 7. Acknowledgement | 第128页 |
