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Improvement of the Removal of Heavy Metals from Porous Media by Modified Electrokinetic Remediation

ABSTRACT第5页
1. INTRODUCTION第9-21页
    1.1. Heavy metals pollution第9-13页
    1.2. Health problems associated with heavy metals pollution第13-15页
    1.3. Soil remediation technologies第15-16页
    1.4. Why Soil Electrokinetic Remediation第16-18页
    1.5. Technical problems of soil EKR第18-19页
    1.6. Aim第19-21页
2. LITERATURE REVIEW第21-42页
    2.1. Theory第21-26页
        2.1.1. Principles of EKR第22-23页
        2.1.2. Ion migration第23-24页
        2.1.3. Electrolysis第24-25页
        2.1.4. Soil ph and geochemical reactions第25-26页
    2.2. Practical aspects of EKR第26-35页
        2.2.1. Soil type and contaminant concentration第27-29页
        2.2.2. Electrolyte enhancement第29-32页
        2.2.3. Voltage and current levels第32页
        2.2.4. Electrode requirements第32-35页
    2.3. Electric field distribution第35-37页
    2.4. Electrode configuration and time requirements第37-40页
    2.5. Energy expenditure第40-42页
3. EXPERIMENTAL第42-61页
    3.1. Series of experiments第42-49页
        3.1.1. Effect of electrode configuration on pH distribution and heavy metal ions migration第42-43页
        3.1.2. Removal of cadmium from kaolin and catholyte by controlling pH第43-44页
        3.1.3. Use of rotating electrodes to enhance ion transport during EKR第44-47页
        3.1.4. Use of reciprocating electrodes to enhance ion transport during EKR第47页
        3.1.5. Gas production at the electrodes during EKR第47-49页
    3.2. Materials第49-56页
        3.2.1. Porous media第49-52页
        3.2.2. The cylindrical electrokinetic cell第52-54页
        3.2.3. Device for packing and extruding the sample from the cylindrical cell第54-55页
        3.2.4. The basic electrokinetic setup第55-56页
    3.3. Analytical methods第56-58页
    3.4. Quality assurance第58页
    3.5. Data interpretation第58-61页
4. EFFECT OF ELECTRODE CONFIGURATION ON pH DISTRIBUTION AND HEAVY METAL IONS MIGRATION第61-87页
    4.1. Materials and methods第61-64页
    4.2. Analytical Methods第64-65页
    4.3. Results and discussion第65-84页
        4.3.1. Electrical current第65-69页
        4.3.2. Energy consumption第69-70页
        4.3.3. Comparison of metal migration第70-71页
        4.3.4. Comparison of energy efficiency第71-75页
        4.3.5. Spatial distribution of cooper and zinc第75-79页
        4.3.6. Relation between pH and metal migration第79-84页
    4.4. Conclusions第84-87页
5. REMOVAL OF CADMIUM FROM KAOLIN AND CATHOLYTE BY CONTROLLING pH第87-105页
    5.1. Experimental methods第87-90页
        5.1.1. Electrokinetic setup第87-88页
        5.1.2. Sample preparation第88页
        5.1.3. Electrokinetic experiments第88-89页
        5.1.4. Analytical methods第89-90页
    5.2. Results and discussion第90-104页
        5.2.1. The pH and conductivity of the electrolytes第90-93页
        5.2.2. Distribution of cadmium in the electrokinetic system第93-98页
        5.2.3. Cadmium extraction kinetics第98-100页
        5.2.4. Energy and HNO3consumption第100-102页
        5.2.5. Voltage drop along the electrokinetic cell第102-103页
        5.2.6 Soil acidification第103-104页
    5.3. Conclusions第104-105页
6. USE OF ROTATING ELECTRODES TO ENHANCE ION TRANSPORT DURING EKR第105-137页
    6.1. Theory第105-108页
    6.2. Electrokinetic cell第108-109页
    6.3. Rotating electrodes without pH control第109-122页
        6.3.1. Experimental methods第109页
        6.3.2. Results and discussion第109-122页
    6.4. Rotating electrodes with mixed electrolytes第122-129页
        6.4.1. |Experimental methods第122-124页
        6.4.2. Results and discussion第124-129页
    6.5. Rotating electrodes with controlled pH第129-135页
        6.5.1. Heavy metals extraction kinetics第130-132页
        6.5.2. Voltage drop oscillations along the electrokinetic cell第132-134页
        6.5.3. Electrical current variations第134页
        6.5.4 Changes in voltage drop along the cell第134-135页
    6.6. Conclusions第135-137页
7. USE OF RECIPROCATING ELECTRODES TO ENHANCE ION TRANSPORT DURING EKR第137-172页
    7.1. Methodology第137-140页
    7.2. Results and discussion第140-171页
        7.2.1. Voltage drop along the electrokinetic cell第140-143页
        7.2.2. Voltage drop oscillations第143-148页
        7.2.3. Electrical current oscillations第148-151页
        7.2.4. Variation of the electrical current第151-156页
        7.2.5. Extraction of Nickel and Zinc第156-158页
        7.2.6. Migration of Ni and Zn第158-162页
        7.2.7. Simulation of the electrical field distribution for the reciprocating electrodes第162-167页
        7.2.8. The pH at the cathode chamber第167页
        7.2.9. The pH variations in kaolin第167-171页
    7.3. Conclusions第171-172页
8. MEASUREMENT OF GAS PRODUCTION DURING EKR第172-185页
    8.1. Experimental methods第172-173页
    8.2. Results and discussion第173-183页
    8.3. Conclusion第183-185页
9. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS第185-189页
    9.1. Conclusions第185-187页
    9.2. Recommendations第187-189页
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS第189-190页
PUBLICATIONS第190-191页
REFERENCES第191-199页

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