| 中文摘要 | 第14-18页 |
| ABSTRACT | 第18-22页 |
| CHAPTER ONE:General introduction | 第23-35页 |
| 1.1 Introduction | 第23-24页 |
| 1.2 The problem and its causes | 第24页 |
| 1.3 Objectives | 第24-25页 |
| 1.3.1 General objectives | 第24页 |
| 1.3.2 Specific objectives | 第24-25页 |
| 1.4 Literature review | 第25-27页 |
| 1.4.1 Taxonomy | 第25页 |
| 1.4.2 Biology and ecology | 第25-26页 |
| 1.4.3 Distribution and host plants | 第26页 |
| 1.4.4 Damage and economics importance | 第26页 |
| 1.4.5 Management | 第26-27页 |
| 1.5 Mode of action of insecticides | 第27-30页 |
| 1.5.1 Avermectins | 第27-28页 |
| 1.5.2 Chlorpyrifos | 第28页 |
| 1.5.3 Deltamethrin | 第28-29页 |
| 1.5.4 Imidacloprid | 第29页 |
| 1.5.5 Ethiprole | 第29-30页 |
| 1.6 History of insecticide resistance | 第30页 |
| 1.7 Insecticide resistance mechanism | 第30-33页 |
| 1.8 Cross-resistance and multiple-resistance | 第33页 |
| 1.9 Insecticide resistance management tactics | 第33-34页 |
| 1.10 RNA interference | 第34-35页 |
| CHAPTER TWO:Molecular mechanisms of ethiprole resistance in Laodelphax striatellus (Fall(?)n) | 第35-51页 |
| 2.2 Introduction | 第35-37页 |
| 2.3 Materials and methods | 第37-41页 |
| 2.3.1 Insects and resistance selection | 第37页 |
| 2.3.3 Toxicity bioassay | 第37-38页 |
| 2.3.4 Enzyme solution preparation | 第38页 |
| 2.3.5 Protein assay | 第38页 |
| 2.3.6 Detoxification enzyme assay | 第38-39页 |
| 2.3.7 RNA Extraction and cDNA synthesis | 第39页 |
| 2.3.8 Quantitative Real-Time PCR | 第39-40页 |
| 2.3.9 Functional analysis of CYP4DE1 and CYP6CW3v2 using RNAi | 第40-41页 |
| 2.3.10 Isolation of the cDNA clone encoding the GABARs | 第41页 |
| 2.3.11 Statistical analysis | 第41页 |
| 2.4 Results | 第41-48页 |
| 2.4.1 Ethiprole resistance dynamics | 第41-42页 |
| 2.4.2 Metabolic enzyme activities | 第42-43页 |
| 2.4.3 The relative levels of expression of detoxification enzyme genes in the Ethi-R strain of L. striatellus compared with the Sus strain | 第43-44页 |
| 2.4.4 Test of the functions of CYP4DE1 and CYP6CW3v2 with RNAi | 第44-46页 |
| 2.4.5 Comparison of target genes in the Ethi-R and Sus strains of L. striatellus | 第46-48页 |
| 2.5 Discussion | 第48-51页 |
| CHAPTER THREE:Cytochrome P450 associated with imidacloprid resistance in Laodelphax. striatellus(Fall(?)n) | 第51-71页 |
| 3.2 Introduction | 第52-53页 |
| 3.3 Materials and methods | 第53-58页 |
| 3.3.1 Insects and resistance selection | 第53页 |
| 3.3.2 Insecticide and chemical | 第53页 |
| 3.3.3 Bioassay, synergism and insecticide treatment | 第53-54页 |
| 3.3.4 Protein assay | 第54页 |
| 3.3.5 Enzyme solution preparation | 第54-55页 |
| 3.3.6 Detoxification enzymes assay | 第55页 |
| 3.3.7 RNA extractions and cDNA synthesis | 第55-56页 |
| 3.3.8 Expression pattern of detoxification genes by semi-quantitative RT-PCR | 第56页 |
| 3.3.9 The constitutive expression level of candidate detoxification genes | 第56-57页 |
| 3.3.10 Functional analysis of CYP353D1v2 with RNAi | 第57-58页 |
| 3.3.11 Bioassays with imidacloprid after dsRNA feeding | 第58页 |
| 3.3.12 Statistical analysis | 第58页 |
| 3.4 Results | 第58-66页 |
| 3.4.1 Imidacloprid resistance development and synergism assessment | 第58-59页 |
| 3.4.2 Metabolic enzyme activities | 第59-61页 |
| 3.4.3 Differential expression profiling of detoxification genes in imidacloprid-resistant and susceptible strain | 第61-62页 |
| 3.4.4 The expression levels of candidate detoxification genes | 第62-66页 |
| 3.5 Function study of CYP353D1v2 by RNAi | 第66-69页 |
| 3.6 Discussion | 第69-71页 |
| CHAPTER FOUR:Cross-resistance among common insecticides and its possible mechanism in L. striatellus (Fall(?)n) | 第71-87页 |
| 4.2 Introduction | 第71-72页 |
| 4.3 Materials and methods | 第72-75页 |
| 4.3.1 Insects and resistance selection | 第72-73页 |
| 4.3.2 Insecticides and chemicals | 第73页 |
| 4.3.3 Toxicity Bioassay | 第73页 |
| 4.3.4 RNA Extractions and cDNA synthesis | 第73-74页 |
| 4.3.5 Detoxification genes and quantitative real-time PCR | 第74页 |
| 4.3.6 Statistical analysis | 第74-75页 |
| 4.4 Results | 第75-83页 |
| 4.4.1 Cross-resistance among common insecticides showed in resistant strains of L. striatellus | 第75-76页 |
| 4.4.2 The resistance level of mix and re-selected strains of L. striatellus | 第76-78页 |
| 4.4.3 The relative expression levels of the related detoxification enzyme genes in the Mix strain and selected strains of L. striatellus | 第78-83页 |
| 4.5 Discussion | 第83-87页 |
| CHAPTER FIVE:Cytochrome P450 CYP353D1v2 functioning as metabolic enzyme degrading different insecticides in L. striatellus | 第87-97页 |
| 5.2 Introduction | 第87-88页 |
| 5.3 Materials and methods | 第88-92页 |
| 5.3.1 Insecticide and chemical | 第88页 |
| 5.3.2 Functional expression in Sf9 cells | 第88-90页 |
| 5.3.3 RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis and RT-PCR | 第90页 |
| 5.3.4 Oxidative metabolism against model substrate | 第90-91页 |
| 5.3.5 Western Blots | 第91页 |
| 5.3.6 Imidacloprid metabolism | 第91-92页 |
| 5.4 Results | 第92-96页 |
| 5.4.1 Functional expression of CYP353D1v2 | 第92-93页 |
| 5.4.2 The capability of CYP353D1v2 to metabolize imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos | 第93-96页 |
| 5.5 Discussion | 第96-97页 |
| CHAPTER SIX:Multiple insecticide resistance and overexpression of multiple detoxification genes in the field populations of L. striatellus Fall(?)n | 第97-107页 |
| 6.2 Introduction | 第97-98页 |
| 6.3 Materials and methods | 第98-100页 |
| 6.3.1 Insects | 第98页 |
| 6.3.2 Insecticide and chemical | 第98-99页 |
| 6.3.3 Toxicity Bioassay | 第99页 |
| 6.3.4 RNA Extractions and cDNA synthesis | 第99页 |
| 6.3.5 Detoxification genes and quantitative Real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) | 第99-100页 |
| 6.3.6 Statistical analysis | 第100页 |
| 6.4 Results | 第100-104页 |
| 6.4.1 Multiple insecticide resistance in the field populations of L. striatellus | 第100-104页 |
| 6.5 Discussion | 第104-107页 |
| SUMMARY | 第107-109页 |
| REFERENCES | 第109-123页 |
| PUBLICATIONS | 第123-125页 |
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 第125-127页 |
| APPENDICES | 第127-133页 |
