| 摘要 | 第3-4页 |
| Abstract | 第4页 |
| Introduction | 第7-12页 |
| Chapter One Theoretical Framework and Background | 第12-19页 |
| 1.1 Fromm's Neo-Psychoanalytic Theory on Loneliness | 第12-15页 |
| 1.2 Reasons for Studying Hemingway's Loneliness | 第15-19页 |
| Chapter Two Causes of Loneliness in The Old Man and the Sea | 第19-39页 |
| 2.1 Loneliness Caused by Old Age | 第19-25页 |
| 2.1.1 Loneliness in Old Age | 第19-21页 |
| 2.1.2 Hemingway's Loneliness in His Old Age | 第21-25页 |
| 2.2 Loneliness Caused by Heroic Individualism | 第25-31页 |
| 2.2.1 Loneliness in Pursuit of Individualism | 第26-28页 |
| 2.2.2 Loneliness in Pursuit of Heroic Deeds | 第28-31页 |
| 2.3 Loneliness Caused by Love | 第31-39页 |
| 2.3.1 Loneliness Caused by His Love for the Boy | 第31-35页 |
| 2.3.2 Loneliness Caused by His Love for the Marlin | 第35-36页 |
| 2.3.3 Loneliness Caused by His Love for Other Creatures | 第36-39页 |
| Chapter Three Hemingway's Unique Approaches to Present Loneliness in The Old Manand the Sea | 第39-49页 |
| 3.1 The Use of Stream-of-Consciousness | 第39-43页 |
| 3.1.1 Hemingway and Stream-of-Consciousness | 第39-40页 |
| 3.1.2 The Application of Stream-of-Consciousness in the Novella | 第40-43页 |
| 3.2 The Use of Symbolism | 第43-49页 |
| 3.2.1 The Old Man Symbolize:s Jesus Christ in His Solitary Pilgrimage | 第43-46页 |
| 3.2.2 The Sea Symbolizes the Unknown That Actually Creates Loneliness | 第46-49页 |
| Chapter Four Ways to Cope With Loneliness:From Endurance to Enjoyment | 第49-55页 |
| 4.1 Changing Perspectives towards Loneliness | 第49-51页 |
| 4.2 Achieving Self-Realization in Loneliness | 第51-55页 |
| Conclusion | 第55-57页 |
| Works Cited | 第57-61页 |
| Achievements | 第61-62页 |
| Acknowledgements | 第62-63页 |
