| 内容摘要 | 第1-4页 |
| Abstract | 第4-5页 |
| Synopsis | 第5-13页 |
| Introduction | 第13-17页 |
| Chapter 1 The problem of inactive participation in the oral class and its harmful effects | 第17-20页 |
| ·The problem of inactive participation in the oral class | 第17-18页 |
| ·Harmful effects of inactive participation in the oral class | 第18-20页 |
| Chapter 2 The investigation and data analysis | 第20-28页 |
| ·The investigation | 第20-23页 |
| ·The investigation designing | 第20-21页 |
| ·The questionnaire | 第21-23页 |
| ·Data analysis | 第23-26页 |
| ·Findings | 第26-28页 |
| Chapter 3 Attributions to inactive participation in the oral class | 第28-45页 |
| ·Internal factors or affective factors | 第28-35页 |
| ·Anxiety and the individual language learner | 第28-30页 |
| ·Learners' low self-esteem or low self-efficacy | 第30-31页 |
| ·Lack of courage of taking risk | 第31-32页 |
| ·Cognitive factors | 第32-35页 |
| ·External factors | 第35-45页 |
| ·Teacher's factors | 第35-40页 |
| ·The teacher's talk | 第35-37页 |
| ·The teacher's patience | 第37-39页 |
| ·The teacher's tolerance of learners' errors | 第39-40页 |
| ·The traditional teaching and learning | 第40-41页 |
| ·Teaching materials and activities | 第41-42页 |
| ·Assessment system | 第42-45页 |
| Chapter 4 Humanistic approaches-one possible solution to the problem | 第45-64页 |
| ·What is a humanistic approach | 第45-46页 |
| ·Creation of a nonthreatening learning environment | 第46-55页 |
| ·Building up a warm, friendly and democratic interpersonal relationship with students | 第47-49页 |
| ·Reducing learners' anxiety to the lowest degree | 第49-51页 |
| ·Assigning proper tasks for students and adopting proper teaching ways to complete the tasks | 第51-55页 |
| ·Showing empathy to students and training students to show empathy to each other | 第55-56页 |
| ·Offering supportive talk | 第56-58页 |
| ·Adopting scientific authentic assessment methods | 第58-60页 |
| ·Showing as much care and concern to students' linguistic competence as to their emotions | 第60-61页 |
| ·Allowing adequate use of mother tongue in class | 第61-64页 |
| Conclusion | 第64-66页 |
| Bibliography | 第66-69页 |
| 内容提要 | 第69-72页 |
