| Acknowledgements | 第7-8页 |
| Abstract （English） | 第8页 |
| 1． Introduction | 第12-17页 |
| 1．1 Research Topic | 第12-14页 |
| 1．2 The Definition of an Apology | 第14-16页 |
| 1．3 General Organization | 第16-17页 |
| 2． Literature Review | 第17-52页 |
| 2．1 The Development of the Study of the Speech Act of Apologies | 第17-23页 |
| 2．1．1 The Broaching of the Theory of Speech Acts | 第17-18页 |
| 2．1．2 The Importance of the Study of Speech Acts | 第18-20页 |
| 2．1．3 The Importance of the Study of the Speech Act of Apologies | 第20-21页 |
| 2．1．4 The Study of Apologies | 第21-23页 |
| 2．2 Theories and Concepts | 第23-28页 |
| 2．3 Results of the Studies of Apologies | 第28-39页 |
| 2．3．1 The Definition of an Apology | 第28-30页 |
| 2．3．2 Apologies and Face | 第30页 |
| 2．3．3 Apology Strategies | 第30-34页 |
| 2．3．4 Apologies and Socio-pragmatic Factors | 第34页 |
| 2．3．4．1 Socio-pragmatic Factors | 第34-36页 |
| 2．3．4．2 The Correlation between Apologies Strategies and Socio-pragmatic Factors | 第36-37页 |
| 2．3．5 Cross-cultural comparison | 第37-39页 |
| 2．4 Studies of Linguistic Politeness and Indirectness | 第39-44页 |
| 2．4．1 Indirectness | 第39页 |
| 2．4．1．1 The Relationship between IFIDs and Indirectness | 第39-40页 |
| 2．4．1．2 Different Dimensions of Illocutionary Forces of the Utterance | 第40-41页 |
| 2．4．2 Politeness: A Device for the Explanation of Indirectness | 第41-42页 |
| 2．4．3 Chinese Perception of Politeness | 第42-44页 |
| 2．5 Methodological issues | 第44-52页 |
| 2．5．1 The Ethnographic Method | 第44-45页 |
| 2．5．2 Role-play | 第45页 |
| 2．5．3 Multiple Choice Questionnaire （MCQ） | 第45-46页 |
| 2．5．4 DCTs | 第46页 |
| 2．5．4．1 The Disadvantages of DCTs | 第46页 |
| 2．5．4．2 The Advantages of DCTs | 第46-47页 |
| 2．5．4．3 The Validity of DCTs as Proved by the CCSARP Group | 第47-49页 |
| 2．5．4．4 Some Discussions about DCTs | 第49-50页 |
| 2．5．5 Some Concluding Remarks | 第50-52页 |
| 3． Research Methodology and Research Procedure | 第52-64页 |
| 3．1 Research Methodology | 第52-53页 |
| 3．2 Research Procedure | 第53-64页 |
| 3．2．1 Subjects | 第53-54页 |
| 3．2．2 Data | 第54页 |
| 3．2．2．1 DCT-Questionnaire | 第54-56页 |
| 3．2．2．2 Pilot Test | 第56-58页 |
| 3．2．2．3 Data Collection | 第58-59页 |
| 3．2．2．4 Description of Data | 第59-60页 |
| 3．2．2．5 Situation Assessment Questionnaire | 第60-64页 |
| 4． Data Analysis | 第64-126页 |
| 4．1 Data coding | 第64-67页 |
| 4．1．1 The Coding Scheme in the CCSARP Project | 第64页 |
| 4．1．2 The Coding Scheme of My Data | 第64-67页 |
| 4．2 Analysis of the Data | 第67-126页 |
| 4．2．1． Alerters | 第67页 |
| 4．2．1．1 Forms of Alerters in Apologies in Chinese | 第67-73页 |
| 4．2．1．2 Contrast of the Use of Alerters across Situations | 第73-74页 |
| 4．2．1．3 Contrast of alerters in Chinese and English Apologies | 第74-75页 |
| 4．2．2 Strategies in Chinese Apologies | 第75页 |
| 4．2．2．1 IFIDs | 第75-76页 |
| A． IFIDs in Chinese Apologies | 第76-87页 |
| B． Intensifiers in IFIDs in Chinese Apologies | 第87-93页 |
| 4．2．2．2 Taking on responsibility | 第93-101页 |
| 4．2．2．3 Explanation | 第101-103页 |
| 4．2．2．4 Offer of repair | 第103-106页 |
| 4．2．2．5 Promise of forbearance | 第106-107页 |
| 4．2．2．6 Distracting from the offence | 第107-110页 |
| 4．2．2．7 Show of concern | 第110-111页 |
| 4．2．2．8 Some Concluding Remarks | 第111-112页 |
| 4．2．3 Roles of the Strategies | 第112页 |
| 4．2．3．1 Head-acts | 第112-116页 |
| 4．2．3．2 Supportive Moves | 第116-124页 |
| 4．2．4 Modifying the Apology | 第124页 |
| 4．2．4．1 Intensifying the Apology | 第124-125页 |
| 4．2．4．2 Mitigating the Apology | 第125-126页 |
| 5． Cross-Situational and Cross-Cultural Contrasts in Apologizing Behavior | 第126-150页 |
| 5．1 A Cross-Situational Contrast in Apologizing Behavior | 第126-137页 |
| 5．1．1 Distribution of Apology Strategies across Situations | 第126-128页 |
| 5．1．2 The Situation Assessment Questionnaire | 第128-129页 |
| 5．1．3 Social Factors and Strategy Selection | 第129页 |
| 5．1．3．1 Social Factors and IFIDs | 第129-130页 |
| 5．1．3．2 Social Factors and Taking on responsibility | 第130-133页 |
| 5．1．3．3 Social Factors and Explanation | 第133页 |
| 5．1．3．4 Social Factors and Distracting from the offence | 第133页 |
| 5．1．3．5 Social Factors and Intensifiers | 第133-134页 |
| 5．1．3．6 Other Strategies | 第134页 |
| 5．1．3．7 Contrast of the Length of the Utterance across Situations | 第134-136页 |
| 5．1．4 Some Concluding Remarks | 第136-137页 |
| 5．2 A Cross-Cultural Contrast in Apologizing Behavior | 第137-150页 |
| 5．2．1 A General Comparison | 第137-138页 |
| 5．2．2 IFID across Five Languages | 第138-140页 |
| 5．2．2．1 Similarities across Languages | 第140页 |
| 5．2．2．2 The Difference across Languages | 第140-141页 |
| 5．2．2．3 Difference of the Preference of IFIDs in Chinese and Hebrew with Respect to Cultural Perception | 第141-143页 |
| 5．2．2．4 Difference between Chinese and the Other Four Languages as a Whole | 第143-145页 |
| 5．2．3 Responsibility across the Five Languages | 第145页 |
| 5．2．3．1 The Strategy of Taking on responsibility in General | 第145-146页 |
| 5．2．3．2 The Substrategy of Explicit Self-blame | 第146-148页 |
| 5．2．4 Intensifiers across Languages | 第148-149页 |
| 5．2．5 Some Concluding Remarks | 第149-150页 |
| 6． Discussions | 第150-174页 |
| 6．1 Indirectness in Chinese Apologies | 第150-158页 |
| 6．1．1 Indirectness and its Classification | 第150-151页 |
| 6．1．2 Indirectness in the Speech Act of Apologies | 第151-152页 |
| 6．1．3 Representation of Indirectness in Apologies in Chinese | 第152-155页 |
| 6．1．4 The Correlation between Indirectness in Apologies and Socio-Pragmatic Factors | 第155-156页 |
| 6．1．5 The Function of Indirectness in Chinese Apologies | 第156-158页 |
| 6．2 Politeness in Chinese Apologies | 第158-162页 |
| 6．2．1 Different Perception of Politeness between Chinese and Western Cultures | 第158页 |
| 6．2．2 Chinese Perception of Politeness | 第158-159页 |
| 6．2．3 What is Considered as Polite in Chinese Apologies | 第159-162页 |
| 6．3 The Relationship between Indirectness and Politeness | 第162-167页 |
| 6．3．1 The Problems of Brown & Levinson's and Leech's Views | 第162-163页 |
| 6．3．2 Why the Relationship between Indirectness and Politeness is Different between Speech Acts like Apologies and those like Requests | 第163-164页 |
| 6．3．3 Explain Indirectness in the Speech Act of Apologies by Using Face | 第164-165页 |
| 6．3．4 In Apologies: Indirectness is a Way to Solve a Contradiction | 第165-167页 |
| 6．4 Difference in the Perception of Offences between Chinese and Western Cultures | 第167-169页 |
| 6．4．1 The Categories of Offences | 第167-168页 |
| 6．4．2 Seriousness of Offence | 第168-169页 |
| 6．5 On Bulge Theory | 第169-172页 |
| 6．5．1 IFIDs | 第169-170页 |
| 6．5．2 Taking on responsibility | 第170-172页 |
| 6．6 Methodology | 第172-174页 |
| 7． Conclusion | 第174-181页 |
| Appendixes | 第181-186页 |
| Bibliography | 第186-188页 |
