| Acknowledgement | 第14-25页 |
| Abstract | 第25-27页 |
| 摘要 | 第28-30页 |
| List of Abbreviation | 第30-31页 |
| Chapter 1 Introduction | 第31-35页 |
| Chapter 2 Literature Review | 第35-49页 |
| 2.1. Nanotechnology: An Advanced Approach to the Development of Potent Insecticides | 第35-36页 |
| 2.2. Mechanical Reduction of Particle Size | 第36-38页 |
| 2.3. Plant-Based Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles | 第38-41页 |
| 2.4. Bacteria-mediated synthesis of AgNPs | 第41-43页 |
| 2.4.1. Extracellular synthesis | 第42-43页 |
| 2.4.2. Synthesis using culture supernatant | 第43页 |
| 2.4.3. Synthesis using cell-free extract | 第43页 |
| 2.5. Possible mechanisms | 第43-45页 |
| 2.6. Agricultural pests and mosquito | 第45-46页 |
| 2.6.1. Brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) | 第45页 |
| 2.6.2. Life History of Nilaparvata lugens | 第45-46页 |
| 2.6.3. The economic importance for brown planthopper | 第46页 |
| 2.7. Mosquitoes | 第46-49页 |
| 2.7.1. Life History of mosquito | 第46-47页 |
| 2.7.2. The economic importance of mosquitoes | 第47-49页 |
| Chapter 3 Controlling Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens pallens using silvernanoparticles synthesized from aqueous extract of Cassia fistula fruit pulp and its mode ofaction | 第49-67页 |
| 3.2. Introduction | 第49-51页 |
| 3.3. Materials and Methods | 第51-55页 |
| 3.3.1. Chemicals and Plant materials | 第51页 |
| 3.3.2. Preparation of plant fruit extract | 第51-52页 |
| 3.3.3. Preliminary phytochemical testing | 第52页 |
| 3.3.4. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles | 第52页 |
| 3.3.5. Characterization of synthesized C. fistula/AgNPs | 第52-53页 |
| 3.3.5.1. UV-Vis spectral analysis | 第52页 |
| 3.3.5.2. FT-IR analysis | 第52页 |
| 3.3.5.3. SEM analysis | 第52-53页 |
| 3.3.5.4. TEM analysis | 第53页 |
| 3.3.5.5. X-ray diffraction analysis of AgNPs | 第53页 |
| 3.3.6. Mosquito larvicidal and pupicidal activity of AgNPs | 第53-54页 |
| 3.3.6.1. Larvae and pupae collection | 第53页 |
| 3.3.6.2. Larvicidal and pupicidal bioassay | 第53-54页 |
| 3.3.7. Examination for the mechanism of AgNPs for mosquito larvicidal potential | 第54-55页 |
| 3.3.7.1. Preparation of whole body homogenates | 第54页 |
| 3.3.7.2. Determination of protein concentration | 第54-55页 |
| 3.3.7.3. Acetylcholinesterase assays | 第55页 |
| 3.3.7.4. Carboxylesterase assays | 第55页 |
| 3.3.8. Statistical analysis | 第55页 |
| 3.4. Results and discussion | 第55-67页 |
| 3.4.1. Preliminary phytochemical testing | 第55-56页 |
| 3.4.2. UV-Vis spectroscopy | 第56-57页 |
| 3.4.3. FT-IR analysis | 第57-58页 |
| 3.4.4. SEM, TEM analyses and EDX spectrum | 第58-59页 |
| 3.4.5. X-ray diffraction analysis of AgNPs | 第59-60页 |
| 3.4.6. Mosquito larvicidal and pupicidal activity | 第60-64页 |
| 3.4.7. The mechanism of AgNPs and plant extract on mosquito larvae | 第64-67页 |
| Chapter 4 Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Bacillusamyloliquefaciens and Bacillus subtilis to control filarial vector Culex pipiens pallens andits antimicrobial activity | 第67-83页 |
| 4.2. Introduction | 第67-69页 |
| 4.3. Materials and methods | 第69-73页 |
| 4.3.1. Isolation and definition of the bacteria | 第69-70页 |
| 4.3.2. Extracellular synthesis silver nanoparticles | 第70页 |
| 4.3.3. Characterization of Bacillus-AgNPs | 第70-71页 |
| 4.3.4. Larvicidal and pupicidal activity | 第71-72页 |
| 4.3.4.1. Larvae and pupae collection | 第71-72页 |
| 4.3.4.2. Larvicidal and pupicidal assay | 第72页 |
| 4.3.5. In vitro, the effects of nanoparticles, Bacillus strains against Xanthomonas oryzaepv. Oryzae | 第72-73页 |
| 4.3.6. Statistical analysis | 第73页 |
| 4.4. Results and discussion | 第73-83页 |
| 4.4.1. Characterization and biological synthesis of AgNPs | 第73-77页 |
| 4.4.1.1. UV-Vis spectroscopy | 第73页 |
| 4.4.1.2. FT-IR analysis | 第73-75页 |
| 4.4.1.3. SEM and X-ray diffraction analysis | 第75-76页 |
| 4.4.1.4. TEM and EDX spectrum analyses | 第76-77页 |
| 4.4.2. Toxicity of bacillus-AgNPs to mosquito larvae and pupae | 第77-80页 |
| 4.4.4. Antimicrobial efficiency of nanoparticles and Bacillus strains | 第80-83页 |
| Chapter 5 Novel applications of organic ligands formulations as nanoparticles againstagriculture pests and its mode of action | 第83-107页 |
| 5.2. Introduction | 第84-85页 |
| 5.3. Materials and Methods | 第85-91页 |
| 5.3.1. Chemicals | 第85页 |
| 5.3.2. Synthesis of 2'-Amino-1,1':4',1"-terphenyl-3,3",5,5"-tetracarboxylic acid (H4L) | 第85-86页 |
| 5.3.3. Synthesis of 1,3,6,8-tetrakis(p-benzoic acid)pyrene (TBAPy) | 第86-87页 |
| 5.3.4. Synthesis of silver as a nanoparticle with H4L and TBAPy | 第87-88页 |
| 5.3.5. Characterization of synthesized AgNPs | 第88-89页 |
| 5.3.5.1. UV-Vis spectral analysis | 第88页 |
| 5.3.5.2. FT-IR analysis | 第88页 |
| 5.3.5.3. SEM and EDS analyses | 第88页 |
| 5.3.5.4. TEM and X-ray diffraction analyses of AgNPs | 第88-89页 |
| 5.3.5.5. Silver nanoparticles size analysis | 第89页 |
| 5.3.6. Insects | 第89页 |
| 5.3.7. Toxicity bioassay | 第89-90页 |
| 5.3.8. Action mechanism of AgNPs on N. lugens | 第90-91页 |
| 5.3.8.1. Preparation of whole body homogenates | 第90页 |
| 5.3.8.2. Determination of protein concentration | 第90页 |
| 5.3.8.3. Acetylcholinesterase assays | 第90页 |
| 5.3.8.4. Esterase assay | 第90页 |
| 5.3.8.5 Phosphatase assay | 第90-91页 |
| 5.3.9. Data analysis | 第91页 |
| 5.4. Results and discussion | 第91-107页 |
| 5.4.1. Synthesis of H4L and TBAPy | 第91-94页 |
| 5.4.2. Synthesis of silver metal with organic ligands | 第94-95页 |
| 5.4.3. Characterization of H4L-NPs and TBAPy NPs | 第95-101页 |
| 5.4.3.1. UV Vis spectroscopy | 第95-96页 |
| 5.4.3.2. FT-IR analysis | 第96-97页 |
| 5.4.3.3. SEM analyses and EDX spectrum | 第97-99页 |
| 5.4.3.4. TEM and X-ray diffraction analysis of AgNPs | 第99-100页 |
| 5.4.3.5. Nanoparticle size analysis | 第100-101页 |
| 5.4.4. Toxicity of AgNPs to unsexed adult of brown planthoppers | 第101-104页 |
| 5.4.5. Inhibitory activity assessment of H4L, TBAPy, and synthesized AgNPs on BPHenzymes | 第104-107页 |
| Chapter 6 Myco-synthesis of silver nanoparticles using pathogenic bacteriaPseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and nonpathogenic bacteriaBacillus subtilis against brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) (Homoptera:Delphacidae) | 第107-123页 |
| 6.2. Introduction | 第108-110页 |
| 6.3. Materials and methods | 第110-113页 |
| 6.3.1. Isolation and definition of the bacteria | 第110-111页 |
| 6.3.2. Extracellular synthesis silver nanoparticles | 第111页 |
| 6.3.3. Characterization of synthesized silver nanoparticles | 第111-112页 |
| 6.3.4. Nilaparvata lugens rearing | 第112页 |
| 6.3.5. Insecticidal experiments against brown planthopper | 第112-113页 |
| 6.3.6. Statistical analysis | 第113页 |
| 6.4. Results and discussion | 第113-123页 |
| 6.4.1. Characterization of bacteria-synthesized silver nanoparticles | 第113-119页 |
| 6.4.1.1. Visual examination and UV-visible spectrum | 第113-115页 |
| 6.4.1.2. SEM and EDX spectroscopy analysis | 第115-116页 |
| 6.4.1.3. TEM and XRD:pureness and crystalline nature of bacteria-NPs | 第116-117页 |
| 6.4.1.4. Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy of bacteria-synthesizedAgNPs | 第117-119页 |
| 6.4.2. Characteristic and uses of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles | 第119-120页 |
| 6.4.3. Characteristic and uses of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles | 第120-123页 |
| Chapter 7 General conclusions | 第123-126页 |
| References | 第126-146页 |
| List of Publications | 第146页 |
