| ABSTRACT | 第13-16页 |
| 摘要 | 第17-24页 |
| 1 CHAPTER I BACKGROUND AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE | 第24-48页 |
| 1.1 Environmental Pollutants | 第24-46页 |
| 1.1.1 Heavy metals pollution in China | 第25-32页 |
| 1.1.1.1 Lead pollution in soil | 第27-30页 |
| 1.1.1.1.1 Forms and chemistry of Pb in soil | 第27-29页 |
| 1.1.1.1.2 Lead effect on plants | 第29-30页 |
| 1.1.1.2 Copper pollution in soil | 第30-32页 |
| 1.1.1.2.1 Cu toxicities to human health | 第31页 |
| 1.1.1.2.2 Effect of copper on plants growth | 第31-32页 |
| 1.1.2 Remediation strategies for heavy metals contaminated soils | 第32-46页 |
| 1.1.2.1 Immobilization Technique | 第33-46页 |
| 1.1.2.1.1 Biochar | 第33-39页 |
| 1.1.2.1.1.1 Effect of biochar on the immobilization of heavy metals | 第34-36页 |
| 1.1.2.1.1.2 Mechanism of interaction between biochar and heavy metals | 第36-38页 |
| 1.1.2.1.1.3 Potential effect of biochar on metals bioavailability | 第38-39页 |
| 1.1.2.1.2 Phosphate induced heavy metals immobilization | 第39-43页 |
| 1.1.2.1.2.1 Reactions of phosphate compounds in soils | 第40-41页 |
| 1.1.2.1.2.2 Phosphate-induced metal adsorption | 第41-42页 |
| 1.1.2.1.2.3 Pb mechanism in P amended soils | 第42-43页 |
| 1.1.2.1.3 Carbon nanotubes (CNT) | 第43-46页 |
| 1.1.2.1.3.1 Adsorption properties of CNT | 第43-44页 |
| 1.1.2.1.3.2 Adsorption affinity of different heavy metal ions on CNT | 第44-46页 |
| 1.2 Aims of Study | 第46-48页 |
| 2 CHAPTER II | 第48-52页 |
| 2.1 SOIL PROPERTIES | 第48-52页 |
| 2.1.1 Sequential extraction of BCR | 第49-50页 |
| 2.1.2 Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) | 第50页 |
| 2.1.3 Simple bioaccessibility extraction test (SBET) | 第50-51页 |
| 2.1.4 CaCl_2 single extraction | 第51-52页 |
| 3 CHAPTER III IMMOBILIZATION OF LEAD AND COPPER IN POLLUTED SOIL BY SUPER PHOSPHATE, MULTI-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBE, RICE STRAW AND ITS DERIVED BIOCHAR | 第52-71页 |
| 3.1 INTRODUCTION | 第52-54页 |
| 3.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS | 第54-56页 |
| 3.2.1 Soil characterization | 第54页 |
| 3.2.2 Amendments | 第54-55页 |
| 3.2.3 Incubation Experiment | 第55-56页 |
| 3.2.3.1 Statistical analysis | 第56页 |
| 3.3 RESULTS | 第56-62页 |
| 3.3.1 Amendments effect on soil p H and EC | 第56-57页 |
| 3.3.2 Amendments effect on BCR fractions of Pb and Cu | 第57-59页 |
| 3.3.3 Amendments effect on TCLP-extractable Pb and Cu | 第59-60页 |
| 3.3.4 Amendments effect on CaCl_2- extractable Pb and Cu | 第60-61页 |
| 3.3.5 Amendments effect on Pb bioaccessibility | 第61-62页 |
| 3.4 DISCUSSION | 第62-69页 |
| 3.5 CONCLUSION | 第69-71页 |
| 4 CHAPTER IV ADSORPTION OF LEAD AND COPPER BY BIOCHAR AND SOIL AMENDED WITH BIOCHAR FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION | 第71-89页 |
| 4.1 INTRODUCTION | 第71-72页 |
| 4.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS | 第72-74页 |
| 4.2.1 Soil and biochar characterization | 第72页 |
| 4.2.2 Characterization of soil and biochar | 第72-73页 |
| 4.2.2.1 X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) | 第72页 |
| 4.2.2.2 Fourier transformission infrared spectrometer (FTIR) | 第72页 |
| 4.2.2.3 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) | 第72-73页 |
| 4.2.3 Incubation experiments | 第73页 |
| 4.2.4 Adsorption experiment | 第73-74页 |
| 4.2.5 Zeta Potential determination | 第74页 |
| 4.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 第74-88页 |
| 4.3.1 Effect of p H on adsorption of Pb and Cu | 第74-77页 |
| 4.3.2 Adsorption isotherm of Pb and Cu | 第77-81页 |
| 4.3.3 Effect on zeta potential | 第81-82页 |
| 4.3.4 Characterization of the biochars | 第82-88页 |
| 4.4 CONCLUSION | 第88-89页 |
| 5 CHAPTER V EFFECT OF CARBONACEOUS AND SUPERPHOSPHATE ON IMMOBILIZATION, SOLUBILITY AND PHYTOAVAILABILITY OF LEAD AND COPPER OF RAPESEED (BRASSICA NAPUS L.) AND CONTINUOUS TOMATO (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM) IN CONTAMINATED SOIL | 第89-116页 |
| 5.1 INTRODUCTION | 第89-91页 |
| 5.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS | 第91-95页 |
| 5.2.1 Soil characterization | 第91-92页 |
| 5.2.2 Amendments | 第92页 |
| 5.2.3 Crops | 第92页 |
| 5.2.4 Greenhouse experiment | 第92-95页 |
| 5.2.4.1 Analytical methods for plant enzymatic activities | 第93-94页 |
| 5.2.4.2 Pb and Cu determination in plant | 第94-95页 |
| 5.2.5 Soil chemical analysis | 第95页 |
| 5.2.5.1 Statistical Analysis | 第95页 |
| 5.3 RESULTS | 第95-109页 |
| 5.3.1 Influence of amendments on soil p H and redistribution of Pb and Cu | 第95-99页 |
| 5.3.2 Effect of amendments on Pb and Cu leachability | 第99-103页 |
| 5.3.3 Amendments effect on plants protein and chlorophyll contents | 第103-105页 |
| 5.3.4 Amendments effect on tomato antioxidant enzymes activities | 第105-109页 |
| 5.4 DISCUSSION | 第109-115页 |
| 5.4.1 Impact of amendments on p H of soil, distribution and TCLP-extracable Pb and Cu in soil | 第109-112页 |
| 5.4.2 Influences of amendments on biomass, antioxidant enzymatic activities anduptake of Pb and Cu by rapeseed and tomato | 第112-115页 |
| 5.5 CONCLUSION | 第115-116页 |
| 6 CHAPTER VI IMPACT OF INTEGRATED USE OF BIOCHAR, MULTIWALL CARBON NANOTUBES AND SUPERPHOSPHATE ON IMMOBILIZATION OF LEAD AND COPPER AND PHYTOAVAILABILITY FOR BRASSICA NAPUS (L.) IN CONTAMINATED SOIL | 第116-134页 |
| 6.1 INTRODUCTION | 第116-118页 |
| 6.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS | 第118-121页 |
| 6.2.1 Soil characterization | 第118页 |
| 6.2.2 Amendments | 第118-119页 |
| 6.2.3 Incubation experiment | 第119-120页 |
| 6.2.4 Plant growth experiment | 第120-121页 |
| 6.3 RESULTS | 第121-128页 |
| 6.3.1 Amendments effect on soil p H and redistribution of Pb and Cu in soil | 第121-123页 |
| 6.3.2 Effect of amendments on Pb and Cu leaching | 第123-124页 |
| 6.3.3 Effect of amendments on phytoavailability of Pb and Cu in rapeseed | 第124-126页 |
| 6.3.4 Amendments effects on total dry biomass, soluble protein and chlorophyllcontents | 第126-128页 |
| 6.4 DISCUSSION | 第128-133页 |
| 6.4.1 Impact of carbonaceous amendments on Pb and Cu distribution and uptakeby plants | 第128-131页 |
| 6.4.2 Impact of integrated use of phosphate and carbonaceous amendments on Pband Cu distributions and uptake by plants | 第131-133页 |
| 6.5 CONCLUSION | 第133-134页 |
| 7 CHAPTER VII INFLUENCE OF PYROLYTIC AND NON-PYROLYTIC RICE AND CASTOR STRAWS ON THE IMMOBILIZATION OF LEAD AND COPPER IN CONTAMINATED SOIL | 第134-149页 |
| 7.1 INTRODUCTION | 第134-135页 |
| 7.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS | 第135-139页 |
| 7.2.1 Soil characterization | 第135-136页 |
| 7.2.2 Biochar for soil amendment | 第136-137页 |
| 7.2.3 Incubation experiment | 第137-139页 |
| 7.2.3.1 p H-CaCl_2 and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) | 第138页 |
| 7.2.3.2 Sequential extraction of BCR | 第138-139页 |
| 7.2.3.3 Statistical analysis | 第139页 |
| 7.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 第139-147页 |
| 7.3.1 Amendments effect on soil p H | 第139-140页 |
| 7.3.2 Fractionation of lead and copper | 第140-145页 |
| 7.3.3 TCLP- extractable lead and copper | 第145-147页 |
| 7.4 CONCLUSION | 第147-149页 |
| 8 CHAPTER VIII CONCLUDING REMARKS, NOVELTIES AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES | 第149-154页 |
| 8.1 General summarizing results | 第149-152页 |
| 8.2 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES | 第152-154页 |
| REFERENCES | 第154-176页 |
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 第176-179页 |
