| 摘要 | 第5-7页 |
| ABSTRACT | 第7-8页 |
| LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS | 第14-15页 |
| CHAPTER-Ⅰ: GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE | 第15-46页 |
| 1. INTRODUCTION | 第15-16页 |
| 2. BOVINE MASTITIS | 第16-27页 |
| 2.1. CLASSIFICATION OF BOVINE MASTITIS | 第17-19页 |
| 2.2 ETIOLOGY OF BOVINE MASTITIS | 第19-21页 |
| 2.3 ESCHERICHIA COLT AS A MASTITIS CAUSING PATHOGEN | 第21页 |
| 2.4 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ESCHERICHIA COLI MASTITIS | 第21-22页 |
| 2.6 PATHOGENICITY AND PATHOGENESIS OF MASTITIS-ASSOCIATED ESCHERICHIA COLT | 第22-25页 |
| 2.7 EFFECT OF ESCHERICHIA COLI INFECTION ON THE MAMMARY GLAND | 第25页 |
| 2.8. TREATMENT OF ESCHERICHIA COLI MASTITIS | 第25-27页 |
| 2.9. ECONOMIC LOSSES OF BOVINE MASTITIS | 第27页 |
| 3. ANTIMICROBIALS | 第27-44页 |
| 3.1 MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF ANTIMICROBIALS | 第28页 |
| 3.2 USES OF ANTIMICROBIALS IN FOOD-PRODUCING ANIMALS | 第28-30页 |
| 3.3 BETA-LACTAM ANTIMICROBIALS | 第30-33页 |
| 3.4 ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE | 第33-34页 |
| 3.5 MECHANISMS OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE | 第34-36页 |
| 3.6 THE BETA-LACTAMASES | 第36-37页 |
| 3.7 EXTENDED-SPECTRUM BETA-LACTAMASES(ESBLS)AND ESBL ENCODING GENES | 第37-40页 |
| 3.8 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ESBL-PRODUCING ESCHERICHIA COLT IN FOOD ANIMALS | 第40-41页 |
| 3.9 COLISTIN RESISTANCE,MCR-1 GENE IN ESCHERICHIA COLT AND THE EPIDEMIOLOGY | 第41-44页 |
| 4. PURPOSE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY | 第44-45页 |
| 5. KEY QUESTIONS | 第45页 |
| 6. AIMS OF THE STUDY | 第45-46页 |
| CHAPTER-Ⅱ: PREVALENCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF ESBL-PRODUCINGESCHERICHIA COLI | 第46-66页 |
| 1.INTRODUCTION | 第46-49页 |
| 1.1 AIMS OF THE STUDY | 第48-49页 |
| 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS | 第49-56页 |
| 2.1 SAMPLE COLLECTION AND LOCATION | 第49页 |
| 2.2 ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF ESCHERICHIA COLT | 第49-50页 |
| 2.3 PHENOTYPIC SCREENING OF ESBL-PRODUCERS | 第50-51页 |
| 2.4 GENOTYPIC SCREENING OF ESBL-PRODUCING ESCHERICHIA COLT ISOLATES | 第51页 |
| 2.5 THE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION | 第51-52页 |
| 2.6 ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING | 第52-54页 |
| 2.7 PHYLOGENETIC GROUPING | 第54-55页 |
| 2.8 DETECTION OF INTEGRONS, GENE CASSETTES AND IS CRI | 第55页 |
| 2.9 PCR-RFLP ASSAY FOR DETECTION OF GENE CASSETTES | 第55-56页 |
| 2.10 NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCING AND DATA ANALYSIS | 第56页 |
| 3. RESULTS | 第56-63页 |
| 3.1 PREVALENCE AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ESBL-PRODUCING ESCHERICHIA COLT | 第56-59页 |
| 3.2 ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY PROFILES | 第59-60页 |
| 3.3 DETECTION OF INTEGRONS,GENE CASSETTES AND IS CRI | 第60-63页 |
| 3.4 NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCES ACCESSION NUMBER | 第63页 |
| 4. DISCUSSION | 第63-65页 |
| 5. CONCLUSION | 第65-66页 |
| CHAPTER-Ⅲ: MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENETIC DIVERSITY OFESBL-PRODUCING ESCHERICHIA COLL | 第66-94页 |
| 1. INTRODUCTION | 第66-69页 |
| 1.1 AIMS OF THE STUDY | 第68-69页 |
| 2. MATERIALS AND METHOD | 第69-76页 |
| 2.1 MILK SAMPLE COLLECTION | 第69页 |
| 2.2 ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF ISOLATES AND ESBL PHENOTYPES | 第69-70页 |
| 2.3 ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING | 第70-71页 |
| 2.4 MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF ESBL-PRODUCING ISOLATES | 第71-72页 |
| 2.5 PLASMID REPLICON TYPING | 第72页 |
| 2.6 RESISTANCE TRANSFER EXPERIMENT | 第72-74页 |
| 2.7 MULTILOCUS SEQUENCE TYPING (MLST)OF ES BL-PRODUCING ESCHERICHIA COLI | 第74页 |
| 2.8 POPULATION STRUCTURE ANALYSIS | 第74-75页 |
| 2.9 SEQUENCE COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSIS | 第75页 |
| 2.10 SPLIT NETWORK AND RECOMBINATION ANALYSIS | 第75-76页 |
| 3. RESULTS | 第76-90页 |
| 3.1 PREVALENCE AND GENOTYPES OF ESBL-PRODUCING ESCHERICHIA COLI | 第76-77页 |
| 3.2 PHYLOGENETIC GROUPING | 第77页 |
| 3.3 ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN ESBL-PRODUCERS | 第77-80页 |
| 3.4 PBRT OF ESBL-PRODUCING ESCHERICHIA COLT | 第80-81页 |
| 3.5 RESISTANCE TRANSFER EXPERIMENT | 第81-82页 |
| 3.6 MLST AND POPULATION STRUCTURE | 第82-86页 |
| 3.7 SEQUENCE COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSIS | 第86页 |
| 3.8 MULTI-LOCUS SEQUENCE ANALYSIS (MLSA) | 第86-88页 |
| 3.9 RECOMBINATION ANALYSIS | 第88-90页 |
| 4. DISCUSSION | 第90-93页 |
| 5. CONCLUSION | 第93-94页 |
| CHAPTER-Ⅳ: CO-OCCURRENCE OF MCR-1 AND ESBL GENES INESCHERICHIA COLI | 第94-109页 |
| 1. INTRODUCTION | 第94-96页 |
| 1.1 AIMS OF THE STUDY | 第95-96页 |
| 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS | 第96-100页 |
| 2.1 THE STUDY AND ISOLATION OF ESCNERICHIA COLI | 第96-97页 |
| 2.2 ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANT PHENOTYPES | 第97页 |
| 2.3 DETECTION OF MCR-1 GENE AND OTHER RESISTANCE GENES | 第97-98页 |
| 2.4 INTEGRON AND PLASMID TYPING OF MCR-1 POSITIVE ISOLATES | 第98页 |
| 2.5 CONJUGATION EXPERIMENT | 第98-99页 |
| 2.6 MULTILOCUS SEQUENCE TYPING AND ANALYSIS | 第99-100页 |
| 3. RESULTS | 第100-107页 |
| 3.1 CO-OCCURRENCE OF MCR-1 AND ESBL ENCODING GENES | 第100-102页 |
| 3.2 ANTIMICROBIAL SENSITIVITY PROFILE | 第102页 |
| 3.3 CHARACTERIZATION OF INTEGRONS AND VARIABLE REGIONS | 第102-103页 |
| 3.4 PLASMID REPLICON TYPING AND RESISTANCE TRANSFER EXPERIMENTS | 第103页 |
| 3.5 MULTILOCUS SEQUENCE TYPING AND ANALYSIS | 第103-107页 |
| 4. DISCUSSION | 第107-109页 |
| CHAPTER-Ⅴ: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS | 第109-110页 |
| NOVELTY OF THE STUDY | 第110-111页 |
| REFERENCES | 第111-128页 |
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | 第128-129页 |
| AUTHOR'S SHORT CV | 第129-132页 |
| Annexures | 第132-135页 |
