| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | 第5-6页 |
| Dedication | 第6-7页 |
| ABSTRACT | 第7-8页 |
| 摘要 | 第9-17页 |
| List of Abbreviation | 第17-25页 |
| CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW | 第25-58页 |
| 1.1 INTRODUCTION | 第25-26页 |
| 1.2. LITERATURE REVIEW | 第26-47页 |
| 1.2.1 Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) | 第26-27页 |
| 1.2.2 Approach to research traditional medicinal plants | 第27-28页 |
| 1.2.3 Plant parts used in traditional medicine and mode of preparations | 第28-29页 |
| 1.2.4. Bioactive compounds in plant extracts | 第29-33页 |
| 1.2.4.1 Phenolic compounds | 第29-30页 |
| 1.2.4.2 Flavonols | 第30页 |
| 1.2.4.3. Pentacyclic triterpene acids | 第30-33页 |
| 1.2.5 The biological potential of loquat leaves | 第33-34页 |
| 1.2.6. Extraction methods | 第34-47页 |
| 1.2.6.1 Conventional extraction techniques | 第34-35页 |
| 1.2.6.2 Novel extraction techniques | 第35页 |
| 1.2.6.3. Sub-critical water extraction technique | 第35-47页 |
| 1.3. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH | 第47-48页 |
| 1.4. OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH | 第48-49页 |
| 1.4.1 Specific objectives of the research | 第48-49页 |
| LITERATURE CITED | 第49-58页 |
| CHAPTER 2. THE IMPACT OF DIFFERENT EXTRACTION TECHNIQUES ON THE YIELD OFTRITERPENE ACIDS FROM DRY LOQUAT (ERIOBOTRYA JAPONICA) LEAF EXTRACTS | 第58-74页 |
| 2.1 INTRODUCTION | 第58-59页 |
| 2.2. MATERIALS AND METHODS | 第59-64页 |
| 2.2.1 Raw materials | 第59页 |
| 2.2.2 Chemicals, sample preparation and storage | 第59-60页 |
| 2.2.3 Conventional solid–liquid extraction | 第60页 |
| 2.2.4 Soxhlet extraction | 第60页 |
| 2.2.5 Ultrasonic/microwave assisted extraction | 第60-61页 |
| 2.2.6 HPLC analysis and quantification of triterpene acids in loquat extracts | 第61-62页 |
| 2.2.7 Identification and separation of triterpene acids | 第62-63页 |
| 2.2.8 Statistical analysis | 第63-64页 |
| 2.3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 第64-71页 |
| 2.3.1 Quantitative determination of triterpene acids by HPLC | 第64页 |
| 2.3.2 Qualitative identification of triterpene acids by UPLC/Mass Spectrometry | 第64-66页 |
| 2.3.3 Effect of protic solvents on the extraction yield of triterpene acids | 第66-71页 |
| 2.4 CONCLUSION | 第71-72页 |
| LITERATURE CITED | 第72-74页 |
| CHAPTER 3. SUB-CRITICAL WATER EXTRACTION TECHNIQUE FOR SELECTIVE EXTRACTION OF PENTACYCLIC TRITERPENOIDS FROM DRY LOQUAT (ERIOBOTRYAJAPONICA) LEAVES | 第74-91页 |
| 3.1 INTRODUCTION | 第74-75页 |
| 3.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS | 第75-81页 |
| 3.2.1 Raw materials | 第75-76页 |
| 3.2.2 Sample preparation | 第76页 |
| 3.2.3 Conventional solid-liquid extraction | 第76页 |
| 3.2.4 Sub-critical water extraction | 第76-78页 |
| 3.2.5 HPLC/MS/MS analysis and quantification of PTTs | 第78-79页 |
| 3.2.6 Statistical analysis | 第79-81页 |
| 3.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 第81-88页 |
| 3.3.1 HPLC/MS/MS analysis and quantification of PTTs | 第81-82页 |
| 3.3.2 Optimization of SWE conditions and modes of extraction | 第82-85页 |
| 3.3.3 Comparison between CE and SWE on PTTs yield | 第85-88页 |
| 3.4 CONCLUSIONS | 第88-89页 |
| LITERATURE CITED | 第89-91页 |
| CHAPTER 4. COMPARISON BETWEEN CHINESE AND TANZANIAN DRY LOQUAT LEAVES ON THE YIELD OF TRITERPENE ACIDS EXTRACTS OBTAINED BY SUB-CRITICAL WATEREXTRACTION TECHNIQUE IN STATIC- DYNAMIC MODE | 第91-106页 |
| 4.1 INTRODUCTION | 第91-93页 |
| 4.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS | 第93-96页 |
| 4.2.1 Materials | 第93页 |
| 4.2.2 Sample preparation | 第93页 |
| 4.2.3 The static-dynamic extraction mode (SDEM) | 第93-94页 |
| 4.2.4 Concentration of bioactive compounds in the extracts | 第94页 |
| 4.2.5 Quantitative determination of pentacyclic triterpenoids by HPLC/Mass Spectrometry | 第94-95页 |
| 4.2.6 The effect of temperature on color development of extracts | 第95页 |
| 4.2.7 Dry loquat leaf extraction solid residues | 第95-96页 |
| 4.2.8 Scanning electron microscopy analysis of loquat leaf extracts | 第96页 |
| 4.2.9 Statistics and data analysis | 第96页 |
| 4.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 第96-103页 |
| 4.3.1Comparison between Chinese and Tanzanian dry loquat leaves on the yield of pentacyclictriterpenoids | 第96-99页 |
| 4.3.2 Dry loquat leaf extraction solid residues | 第99-100页 |
| 4.3.3 The effect of temperature on color development of extracts | 第100-102页 |
| 4.3.4 Scanning electron microscopy | 第102-103页 |
| 4.4 CONCLUSION | 第103-104页 |
| LITERATURE CITED | 第104-106页 |
| CHAPTER 5. SUB-CRITICAL WATER EXTRACTION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM DRY LOQUAT (ERIOBOTRYA JAPONICA) LEAVES AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TRITERPENESIN THE EXTRACTS | 第106-119页 |
| 5.1 INTRODUCTION | 第106-107页 |
| 5.2 MATERIAL AND METHOD | 第107-110页 |
| 5.2.1 Raw materials | 第107页 |
| 5.2.2 Sample preparation | 第107页 |
| 5.2.3 Conventional solid-liquid extraction | 第107页 |
| 5.2.4 Soxhlet extraction | 第107-108页 |
| 5.2.5 Sub-critical water extraction | 第108页 |
| 5.2.6 Determination of total polyphenol content | 第108页 |
| 5.2.7 Determination of total flavonoid content | 第108-109页 |
| 5.2.8 Determination of the total triterpenes | 第109页 |
| 5.2.9 Characterization and separation of triterpene acids | 第109页 |
| 5.2.10 Scanning electron microscopy analysis of loquat leaf extracts | 第109页 |
| 5.2.11 Fourier transform infrared spectrometer analysis of loquat leaf extracts | 第109页 |
| 5.2.12 Statistical analysis | 第109-110页 |
| 5.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 第110-116页 |
| 5.3.1 Total bioactive yields | 第110-113页 |
| 5.3.2 Characterization and separation of triterpene acids | 第113-114页 |
| 5.3.3 Scanning electron microscopy analysis of loquat leaf extracts | 第114-115页 |
| 5.3.4 Fourier transform infrared spectrometer analysis of loquat leaf extracts | 第115-116页 |
| 5.4 CONCLUSIONS | 第116-117页 |
| LITERATURE CITED | 第117-119页 |
| CHAPTER 6. CHARACTERISTICS OF SUB-CRITICAL WATER EXTRACTION AND KINETICS OF PENTACYCLIC TRITERPENOIDS FROM DRY LOQUAT (ERIOBOTRYA JAPONICA) LEAVES | 第119-135页 |
| 6.1 INTRODUCTION | 第119-120页 |
| 6.2 MATERIAL AND METHODS | 第120-123页 |
| 6.2.1 Materials | 第120页 |
| 6.2.2 Extraction of pentacyclic triterpenoids | 第120-121页 |
| 6.2.3 Post extraction treatments of extracts | 第121-122页 |
| 6.2.4 Quantitative determination of pentacyclic triterpenoids by HPLC/Mass Spectrometry | 第122页 |
| 6.2.5 Kinetics of the second order extraction yields of pentacyclic triterpenoids | 第122-123页 |
| 6.2.6 Statistics and data analysis | 第123页 |
| 6.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 第123-131页 |
| 6.3.1 Qualitative and quantitative determination of pentacyclic triterpenoids | 第123-125页 |
| 6.3.2 Effect of extraction temperature on the yield of pentacyclic triterpenoids from loquat leafextracts | 第125-126页 |
| 6.3.3 Effect of sub-critical water flow rates on the yield of pentacyclic triterpenoids | 第126-128页 |
| 6.3.4 Kinetics of the second order extraction yields of pentacyclic triterpenoids | 第128-131页 |
| 6.4 CONCLUSION | 第131-133页 |
| LITERATURE CITED | 第133-135页 |
| GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS | 第135-138页 |
| KEY INNOVATIONS | 第138-139页 |
| LIST OF PUBLICATIONS | 第139-140页 |
| APPENDICES | 第140-141页 |
