| 摘要 | 第6-8页 |
| ABSTRACT | 第8-10页 |
| ABBREVIATION | 第15-16页 |
| CHAPTERⅠ Introduction | 第16-37页 |
| 1.1 Insect and human being | 第16-17页 |
| 1.2 Insect as noxious pests or natural enemies of pests | 第17页 |
| 1.3 Biodiversity and environment | 第17-22页 |
| 1.3.1 Biological control agents | 第18-22页 |
| 1.3.1.1 Chrysopids | 第18-20页 |
| 1.3.1.2 Predatory Coccinelids | 第20-22页 |
| 1.4 Predators and their artificial diet | 第22-23页 |
| 1.4.1 Nutritional requirements and artificial diet development of Chrysopids and Coccinellids | 第22-23页 |
| 1.4.1.1 Factitious prey | 第22-23页 |
| 1.4.1.2 Artificial diet | 第23页 |
| 1.5. Insect Resistant genetically modified crops | 第23-24页 |
| 1.6 Bacillus thuringiensis | 第24-27页 |
| 1.6.1 Bt toxins; a diverse and large family of insecticidal proteins | 第25-26页 |
| 1.6.2 Mode ofaction of Bt toxins | 第26-27页 |
| 1.7 Global adoption of genetically engineered crops | 第27-28页 |
| 1.8 Development and adoption of transgenic crops in China | 第28页 |
| 1.9 Insect resistant genetically engineered crops and non-target organisms | 第28-30页 |
| 1.10 Biological control of insect pests | 第30-31页 |
| 1.11 Types of Biological control | 第31-32页 |
| 1.12 Trends and challenges in mass rearing of BCAs for commercial augmentative biological control:the current state of play | 第32-37页 |
| CHAPTER Ⅱ Development of artificial diet for Chrysopa pallens to improve rearing techniques | 第37-45页 |
| 2.1 Introduction | 第37-38页 |
| 2.2 Material and methods | 第38页 |
| 2.2.1. Insects | 第38页 |
| 2.3 Development of Artificial Diet for C. Pallens | 第38-41页 |
| 2.3.1 Artificial diet for immature C. pallens | 第38-40页 |
| 2.3.2 Artificial diet for C.pallens Adult | 第40-41页 |
| 2.3.2.1 Artificial Diet 1 | 第40页 |
| 2.3.2.2 Artificial diet 2 | 第40-41页 |
| 2.4 Artificial diets fitness Bioassay | 第41-42页 |
| 2.5 Results | 第42-43页 |
| 2.5.1 Fitness suitability of artificial diets | 第42-43页 |
| 2.5.2 Rearing of C. pallens adult on artificial diet | 第43页 |
| 2.6 Discussion | 第43-45页 |
| Chapter Ⅲ Dietary exposure test design to study the impact of Bt proteins on immature C.pallens | 第45-66页 |
| 3.1 Introduction | 第45-50页 |
| 3.1.1 Insect culture | 第47页 |
| 3.1.2 Insecticidal compounds | 第47-48页 |
| 3.1.3 ELISA Kits | 第48页 |
| 3.1.4 Preparation of Wash buffer and Extraction buffer | 第48页 |
| 3.1.5 Dilution of Bt proteins and preparation of standard solution | 第48页 |
| 3.1.6 Determination of LC_(50) and bioactivity of Bt proteins | 第48-49页 |
| 3.1.7 Artificial diet for H. armigera | 第49-50页 |
| 3.2 Artificial diet fitness bioassay | 第50页 |
| 3.3 Validity of dietary exposure test design | 第50-51页 |
| 3.4 Toxicity of Cry proteins to immature C. pallens | 第51页 |
| 3.5 Stability of Cry proteins in the artificial diet | 第51-52页 |
| 3.6 Bt protein bioactivity verification bioassay | 第52-53页 |
| 3.7 Uptake of Cry proteins by C. pallens larvae | 第53页 |
| 3.8 Statistical analyses | 第53-54页 |
| 3.9 Result | 第54-62页 |
| 3.9.1 LC_(50) of Bt proteins | 第54-55页 |
| 3.9.2. Artificial diet fitness bioassay | 第55页 |
| 3.9.3 Validity of dietary exposure test | 第55-57页 |
| 3.9.4. Toxic impact of Cry proteins on the survival and development of immature C. pallens | 第57-59页 |
| 3.9.5 Ingestion of Cry proteins by C. pallens | 第59-60页 |
| 3.9.6 Stability of Bt proteins in artificial diet | 第60-61页 |
| 3.9.7 Bio-activity of Bt proteins in artificial diets | 第61-62页 |
| 3.10 Discussion | 第62-66页 |
| Chapter Ⅳ Environmental risk assessment of vegetative insecticidal protein on great lacewing Chrysopa pallens | 第66-79页 |
| 4.1 Introduction | 第66-68页 |
| 4.2 Materials and methods | 第68-69页 |
| 4.2.1 Insect culture | 第68-69页 |
| 4.2.2 Insecticidal compounds | 第69页 |
| 4.2.3 ELISA Kits | 第69页 |
| 4.2.4 Bioactivity of Bt proteins | 第69页 |
| 4.3 Toxicity bioassay on C. pallens larvae | 第69-70页 |
| 4.4 Toxicity evaluation bioassay on C. pallens Adult | 第70-71页 |
| 4.5 Stability and bioactivity of Vip3Aa in artificial diet | 第71-72页 |
| 4.5.1 ELISA analyses | 第71-72页 |
| 4.5.2 Susceptible-insect bioassay | 第72页 |
| 4.6 Data analyses | 第72-73页 |
| 4.7 Results | 第73-77页 |
| 4.7.1 Toxic impact of Vip3Aa on immature C. pallens | 第73-74页 |
| 4.7.2 Effects of Vip3Aa on life-table parameters of adult C. pallens | 第74-76页 |
| 4.7.3 Ingestion of Bt proteins by C. pallens | 第76页 |
| 4.7.4 Stability of Vip3Aa in artificial diet | 第76-77页 |
| 4.7.5 Bioactivity verification of Vip3Aa | 第77页 |
| 4.8 Discussion | 第77-79页 |
| Chapter Ⅴ Dietary exposure pathway proves, that Cry1Ac, Cry1F and Cry2Ab expressing insect resistantgenetically engineered crops do not afflict adult lacewing Chrysopa pallens | 第79-91页 |
| 5.1 Introduction | 第79-81页 |
| 5.2 Materials and methods | 第81-84页 |
| 5.2.1 Arthropod culture | 第81页 |
| 5.2.2 Insecticidal compounds | 第81-82页 |
| 5.2.3 Artificial diet for adult C. pallens | 第82页 |
| 5.2.4 Cry proteins exposure to C. pallens adults | 第82-83页 |
| 5.2.5 Intake of Cry1Ac, Cry1F and cry2Ab by adult Chrysopa pallens | 第83页 |
| 5.2.6 Stability of Cry proteins in artificial diet | 第83-84页 |
| 5.2.7 Bioactivity verification bioassay | 第84页 |
| 5.2.8 Data analyses | 第84页 |
| 5.3. Results | 第84-88页 |
| 5.3.1 Effects of Cry1Ac, Cry1F and Cry2Ab on life-table parameters of adult C. pallens | 第84-86页 |
| 5.3.2 Intake of Cry proteins by C. pallens | 第86-87页 |
| 5.3.3 Stability of Cry proteins in artificial diet | 第87页 |
| 5.3.4 Bioactivity of Cry proteins in artificial diet | 第87-88页 |
| 5.4. Discussion | 第88-91页 |
| Chapter Ⅵ Artificial diet Development for Propylea japonica and Harmonia axyridis and its effects on reproductiveperformance of emerged-adults | 第91-107页 |
| 6.1 Introduction | 第91-93页 |
| 6.2 Materials and methods | 第93-98页 |
| 6.2.1. Insects | 第93-94页 |
| 6.2.2. Artificial diet | 第94-96页 |
| 6.2.3 Immature survival and development | 第96页 |
| 6.2.4 Survival and reproductive performance of adults | 第96-97页 |
| 6.2.5 Comparison of artificial diets with pea aphid and E. kuehniella eggs | 第97页 |
| 6.2.6 Statistical analysis | 第97-98页 |
| 6.3. Results | 第98-102页 |
| 6.3.1. Immature survival and development | 第98-101页 |
| 6.3.2 Adult survival and reproductive performance on different diets | 第101-102页 |
| 6.4. Discussion | 第102-107页 |
| Chapter Ⅶ Biosafety evaluation of Bt proteins on Immature Harmonia axyridis and Propylea japonica | 第107-120页 |
| 7.1 Introduction | 第107-108页 |
| 7.2 Materials and Methods | 第108-109页 |
| 7.2.1 Insects | 第108页 |
| 7.2.2 Insecticidal compounds | 第108页 |
| 7.2.3 Artificial diet | 第108-109页 |
| 7.3 Validity of dietary exposure Bioassay | 第109-110页 |
| 7.4 Dietary exposure test | 第110页 |
| 7.5 Vip3Aa, Cry1Ca and Cry1F concentrations in adult emerged from larvae fed artificial diet | 第110-111页 |
| 7.6 Stability and Bioactivity of Vip3Aa, Cry1Ca and Cry1F in artificial diet | 第111-112页 |
| 7.6.1 ELISA Analyses | 第111页 |
| 7.6.2. Sensitive-insect bioassay | 第111-112页 |
| 7.7 Data analyses | 第112页 |
| 7.8 Result | 第112-116页 |
| 7.8.1 Validation of dietary test design | 第112-113页 |
| 7.8.2 Toxic impact of Vip3Aa, Cry1Ca and Cry1Fa on Harmonia axyridis and P. japonica | 第113-115页 |
| 7.8.3 Stability and bioactivity confirmation test for Vip3Aa, Cry1Ca and Cry1F in artificial diet | 第115页 |
| 7.8.4 Vip3Aa, Cry1Ca and Cry1F concentration measurements in emerged adults | 第115页 |
| 7.8.5 Bt protein bioactivity verification bioassay | 第115-116页 |
| 7.9 Discussion | 第116-120页 |
| CONCLUSION | 第120-122页 |
| References | 第122-142页 |
| Acknowledgement | 第142-144页 |
| Curriculum Vitae | 第144-146页 |
