| 摘要 | 第5-6页 |
| ABSTRACT | 第6页 |
| Chapter 1 Introduction | 第13-27页 |
| 1.1 Introduction of research work | 第13页 |
| 1.2 Cancer statistics | 第13-16页 |
| 1.2.1 Unilateral retinoblastoma | 第14-15页 |
| 1.2.2 Cervical carcinoma | 第15-16页 |
| 1.3 External beam radiation treatment | 第16-19页 |
| 1.3.1 Cobalt-60 source in radiation therapy | 第17-18页 |
| 1.3.2 Physical properties of cobalt-60 | 第18-19页 |
| 1.4 Techniques in radiation treatment | 第19-23页 |
| 1.4.1 Geometry of radiation dose in the patient | 第20-21页 |
| 1.4.2 Secondary radiation in external beam radiation therapy | 第21-22页 |
| 1.4.3 Radiation-induced secondary cancer risk and risk models | 第22-23页 |
| 1.5 Monte Carlo methods | 第23-24页 |
| 1.6 Anatomical human computational phantoms | 第24-25页 |
| 1.7 Objective and tasks of research work | 第25页 |
| 1.8 Organization of the Ph.D. dissertation | 第25-27页 |
| Chapter 2 Literature review | 第27-45页 |
| 2.1 Introduction | 第27页 |
| 2.2 The physics of photons interactions | 第27-32页 |
| 2.2.1 Photoelectric effect | 第28-29页 |
| 2.2.2 Compton scattering | 第29-31页 |
| 2.2.3 Pair production | 第31-32页 |
| 2.3 Kerma and absorbed dose | 第32-34页 |
| 2.4 Dose calculations techniques | 第34-36页 |
| 2.4.1 Monte Carlo methods for patient dose calculations | 第35-36页 |
| 2.5 Patient phantoms | 第36-41页 |
| 2.5.1 Stylized phantoms | 第38页 |
| 2.5.2 Voxel phantoms | 第38-40页 |
| 2.5.3 BREP phantoms based on advanced primitives and deformable | 第40-41页 |
| 2.6 Intracavitary treatment in gynecology | 第41-45页 |
| 2.6.1 Stockholm system | 第41-42页 |
| 2.6.2 Paris system | 第42-43页 |
| 2.6.3 Manchester system | 第43-45页 |
| Chapter 3 Material and Methods | 第45-75页 |
| 3.1 Introduction | 第45页 |
| 3.2 Monte Carlo methods | 第45-50页 |
| 3.2.1 Monte Carlo applications in medical physics | 第46-47页 |
| 3.2.2 Monte Carlo N-Particle eXtended (MCNPX) code | 第47-48页 |
| 3.2.3 Main features of Monte Carlo N-Particle eXtended (MCNPX) code input file | 第48-49页 |
| 3.2.4 Variance reduction techniques | 第49-50页 |
| 3.2.5 Visual editor | 第50页 |
| 3.3 Brief description of cobalt-60 in radiation treatment | 第50-56页 |
| 3.3.1 Cobalt-60 source capsule | 第51-52页 |
| 3.3.2 The collimation system | 第52-54页 |
| 3.3.3 Validation of clinical Theratron 780 cobalt-60 unit | 第54页 |
| 3.3.4 Photon energy spectrum simulation of cobalt-60 machine | 第54-55页 |
| 3.3.5 In-field validation of cobalt-60 model | 第55-56页 |
| 3.4 Application of the cobalt-60 models to clinical cases | 第56-59页 |
| 3.4.1 Patient phantoms | 第56-57页 |
| 3.4.2 Integrating the cobalt-60 model and USTC computational phantoms | 第57-58页 |
| 3.4.3 Organ doses to the USTC male phantoms from Co-60 EBRT unilateral Rb | 第58-59页 |
| 3.5 The ICRU Report 38 procedures for ICBT of cervical cancer | 第59-60页 |
| 3.5.1 American brachytherapy society guidelines for ICBT of cervical cancer | 第60页 |
| 3.6 Radioactive source verification: AAPM TG-43 methodology | 第60-66页 |
| 3.6.1 Air kerma strength | 第62-63页 |
| 3.6.2 Dose rate constant | 第63-64页 |
| 3.6.3 Geometric function verification | 第64-65页 |
| 3.6.4 Radial dose function verification | 第65-66页 |
| 3.7 Geometrical modelled of the HDR Co-60 source (model Co0.A86) | 第66-68页 |
| 3.8 Monte Carlo modelling for CxCa treatment and dose calculation | 第68-70页 |
| 3.9 Cancer incidence risk calculation attributable to secondary doses | 第70-75页 |
| 3.9.1 Models for site-specific solid cancers incidence other than breast and thyroid | 第70-71页 |
| 3.9.2 Model for female Breast cancer | 第71-72页 |
| 3.9.3 Model for thyroid cancer risk | 第72页 |
| 3.9.4 Methods of estimating lifetime attributable risks (LAR) | 第72-73页 |
| 3.9.5 Methods of estimating cancer risk using NCRP report 116 | 第73-75页 |
| Chapter 4 Results and Discussions | 第75-93页 |
| 4.1 Introduction | 第75页 |
| 4.2 Photon energy spectrum simulation of Co-60 machine | 第75-76页 |
| 4.3 Verification of the simulated Co-60 EBRT model | 第76-78页 |
| 4.3.1 Percentage depth dose | 第76-78页 |
| 4.3.2 Lateral dose profile | 第78页 |
| 4.4 Results of organ doses and cancer risk from unilateral Rb | 第78-84页 |
| 4.4.1 Absorbed doses as a function of distances to the target | 第78-81页 |
| 4.4.2 Absorbed doses as function of patient age | 第81页 |
| 4.4.3 Estimation of secondary cancer risk | 第81-84页 |
| 4.5 Verification of the simulated BEBIG Co-60 source model | 第84-87页 |
| 4.5.1 Comparison of Co-60 source with Ir-192 and Yb-169 in CxCa treatment | 第86-87页 |
| 4.6 Results of equivalent doses and cancer risks from CxCa patients | 第87-93页 |
| 4.6.1 Equivalent doses in various organs away from target tumour | 第87-89页 |
| 4.6.2 Secondary cancer risk after treatment of CxCa | 第89-93页 |
| Chapter 5 Conclusions and Recommendations | 第93-97页 |
| 5.1 Summary of dissertation | 第93-96页 |
| 5.1.1 Geometrical description of EBRT and HDR-BT Co-60 source | 第93-94页 |
| 5.1.2 Validation of EBRT and HDR-BT Co-60 source | 第94页 |
| 5.1.3 Results of organ doses during treatments of unilateral Rb and CxCa | 第94-95页 |
| 5.1.4 Results of secondary cancer risks after treatments of unilateral Rb and CxCa | 第95-96页 |
| 5.2 Future work | 第96-97页 |
| REFERENCES | 第97-103页 |
| Acknowledgement | 第103-105页 |
| List of Publications | 第105页 |
