| Acknowledgements | 第7-9页 |
| 摘要 | 第9-12页 |
| Abstract | 第12-15页 |
| Chapter 1: General Introduction | 第21-59页 |
| 1.1 Historical perspective of cancer: | 第21-25页 |
| 1.2 Liver cancer | 第25-26页 |
| 1.3 Liver cancer modalities | 第26-33页 |
| 1.3.1 Surgery: | 第26-27页 |
| 1.3.2 Local ablative therapy: | 第27页 |
| 1.3.3 Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) | 第27页 |
| 1.3.4 Microwave ablation (MWA) | 第27-28页 |
| 1.3.5 Percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) | 第28页 |
| 1.3.6 Radiotherapy | 第28-29页 |
| 1.3.7 Immunotherapy | 第29-30页 |
| 1.3.8 Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) | 第30-31页 |
| 1.3.9 Chemotherapy | 第31-33页 |
| 1.4 Plant‐derived natural products: an alternative approach for anticancer drugdevelopment | 第33-35页 |
| 1.5 Phyto‐compounds and HCC | 第35-45页 |
| 1.5.1 Curcumin | 第35-36页 |
| 1.5.2 Epigallocatechin gallate | 第36-37页 |
| 1.5.3 Quercetin | 第37-38页 |
| 1.5.4 Genistein | 第38页 |
| 1.5.5 Capsaicin | 第38-39页 |
| 1.5.6 Silymarin and silibinin | 第39-40页 |
| 1.5.7 Sesquiterpene Lactones (SLs) | 第40-45页 |
| 1.5.7.1 Anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory activities of sesquiterpene lactones | 第41-42页 |
| 1.5.7.2 Anti-cancerous compounds of SLs | 第42页 |
| 1.5.7.3 Parthenolide (PT) | 第42-43页 |
| 1.5.7.4 Artemisinin (ART) and its derivatives | 第43-44页 |
| 1.5.7.5 Costunolide and Dehydrocostuslactone | 第44-45页 |
| 1.6 Deoxyelephantopin (DET) and Santamarine (STM) | 第45-49页 |
| 1.6.1 Deoxyelephantopin: Natural sources and biological activities | 第46-47页 |
| 1.6.2 Santamarine: Natural sources and biological activities | 第47-49页 |
| 1.7 References | 第49-59页 |
| Chapter 2: General Material and Methods | 第59-65页 |
| 2.1 Antibodies and reagents | 第59页 |
| 2.2 Cell culture | 第59页 |
| 2.3 Determination of cell viability | 第59-60页 |
| 2.4 Observation of Morphological Changes | 第60页 |
| 2.5 Live/Dead Assay | 第60页 |
| 2.6 Colony forming assay | 第60-61页 |
| 2.7 Nuclear morphological changes by Hoechst 33258 staining | 第61页 |
| 2.8 Apoptosis by flow cytometry | 第61页 |
| 2.9 Measurement of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) | 第61-62页 |
| 2.10 Measurement of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) | 第62页 |
| 2.11 Measurement of Intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH) | 第62页 |
| 2.12 Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) assay | 第62-63页 |
| 2.13 Western blot analysis | 第63-64页 |
| 2.14 Statistical Analysis | 第64-65页 |
| Chapter 3: Deoxyelephantopin induces apoptosis in HepG2 cells via oxidative stress, NF-κBinhibition and mitochondrial dysfunction | 第65-85页 |
| 3.1 Introduction | 第65-66页 |
| 3.2 Materials and Methods | 第66-70页 |
| 3.3 Results | 第70-79页 |
| 3.3.1 DET inhibits proliferation of HepG2 cells | 第70-72页 |
| 3.3.2 DET induces morphological changes and cell death in HepG2 cells | 第72-73页 |
| 3.3.3 DET induces apoptosis in HepG2 cells | 第73页 |
| 3.3.4 DET induces ROS generation in HepG2 cells | 第73页 |
| 3.3.5 DET disrupts mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) | 第73页 |
| 3.3.6 DET depletes intracellular GSH in HepG2 cells | 第73-75页 |
| 3.3.7 DET inhibits intracellular Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) activity | 第75-76页 |
| 3.3.8 DET modulates the expressions of Bcl-2 family proteins | 第76页 |
| 3.3.9 DET induces Caspase 3 and PARP cleavage | 第76页 |
| 3.3.10 DET inhibits constitutive and induced NF-кB activation in HepG2 cells | 第76-79页 |
| 3.4 Discussion | 第79-81页 |
| 3.5 Conclusion | 第81-82页 |
| 3.6 References | 第82-85页 |
| Chapter 4: Santamarine inhibits NF-кB and STAT3 activation and induces apoptosis in HepG2liver cancer Cclls via oxidative stress | 第85-109页 |
| 4.1 Introduction | 第85-86页 |
| 4.2 Materials and Methods | 第86-90页 |
| 4.3 Results | 第90-102页 |
| 4.3.1 Anti-proliferative effect of STM against HepG2 cells | 第90-91页 |
| 4.3.2 STM induces morphological changes and cell death in HepG2 cells | 第91页 |
| 4.3.3 STM induces ROS generation | 第91页 |
| 4.3.4 STM reduces mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) | 第91-93页 |
| 4.3.5 STM diminishes intracellular GSH | 第93-94页 |
| 4.3.6 STM inhibits intracellular Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) activity | 第94-95页 |
| 4.3.7 STM induces mitochondrial mediated (intrinsic) apoptosis | 第95页 |
| 4.3.8 STM induces extrinsic apoptosis | 第95-97页 |
| 4.3.9 STM inhibits constitutive and inducible NF-кB activation in HepG2 cells | 第97-99页 |
| 4.3.10 STM inhibits STAT3 activation in HepG2 cells | 第99-102页 |
| 4.4 Discussion | 第102-104页 |
| 4.5 Conclusion | 第104-105页 |
| 4.6 References | 第105-109页 |
| Conclusion of the study | 第109-110页 |
| Papers published during Ph.D | 第110-111页 |
