| SUMMARY | 第4-6页 |
| 摘要 | 第7-9页 |
| ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS | 第9-20页 |
| 1 GENERAL INFORMATION OF QTP AND ITS IMPORTANCE | 第20-37页 |
| 1.1 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION | 第20页 |
| 1.2 HISTORY OF THE PLATEAU ANA ITS SIGNIFICANCE | 第20-21页 |
| 1.3 WARMING TREND | 第21-22页 |
| 1.4 GRASSLAND RESOURCES AND THE CURRENT WAYS OF MAINTAINING THE FEED BALANCE | 第22-37页 |
| 1.4.1 Fer-tilization and its effects on the plant and soil community | 第24-28页 |
| 1.4.2 Grazing management | 第28-32页 |
| 1.4.2.1 Crazing exclusion or rest by fencing | 第28-31页 |
| 1.4.2.2 Grazing intensity(including the proper stocking rate and carrying capacity) | 第31-32页 |
| 1.4.3 Seeding and cultivated grasslands | 第32-35页 |
| 1.4.4 Warming effects | 第35-37页 |
| 2 ANIMAL INFORMATION AND PROBLEMS | 第37-61页 |
| 2.1 ANIMAL NUMBERS AND CLASSIFICATIONS | 第38-39页 |
| 2.2 GRAZING OR FORAGING BEHAVIOURS ADAPTED WITH HARSH CONDITION AND OTHER UNIQUE CHARACTERAS | 第39-40页 |
| 2.3 CURRENT SITUATION OF ANIMAL PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE | 第40-42页 |
| 2.4 AVAILABLE SOLUTIONS TO IMPROVE FEED BALANCE SITUATION | 第42-51页 |
| 2.4.1 Stocking rate | 第42-44页 |
| 2.4.2 Traditional milking in yak cows | 第44-46页 |
| 2.4.3 Supplementary feeding | 第46-51页 |
| 2.4.3.1 Cold season | 第46-50页 |
| 2.4.3.2 Warm season | 第50-51页 |
| 2.5 YAK NUTRITION RESEARCH | 第51-59页 |
| 2.5.1 Energy requirements | 第51-53页 |
| 2.5.2 Nitrogen metabolism | 第53-57页 |
| 2.5.3 The voluntary intake and composition of diets | 第57-59页 |
| 2.6 TIBETAN SHEEP NUTRITION RESEARCH | 第59-61页 |
| 2.6.1 Intake of Tibetan sheep | 第59页 |
| 2.6.2 Protein synthesis of Tibetan sheep | 第59-61页 |
| 3 CHALLENGES AND POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS IN PASTORAL SYSTEM MODELLING AND THE ADVANCES OF GRASSLAND SYSTEM MODELLING IN CHINA---A REVIEW OF THE PASTORAL SYSTEM MODEL AND ITS FUTURE DEVELOPMENT FROM THE POINTVIEW OF A MODELER | 第61-69页 |
| 3.1 HISTORY OF AGRICULTURAL MODELLING | 第63-64页 |
| 3.2 MIMIC THE VEGETATION ON GRASSLAND | 第64-65页 |
| 3.3 MULTIPLE SPECIES SIMULATION | 第65页 |
| 3.4 ANIMAL GROWTH AND PRODUCTION SIMULATION AND ITS INTERACTIONS WITH PASTURES | 第65-67页 |
| 3.5 CHINESE ADVANCES IN MODEL | 第67-69页 |
| 4 STRUCTURE OF BIOECONOMIC FRAME WORK | 第69-75页 |
| 4.1 BRIEF INTRODUCTION AND CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURE ON THE FRAMEWORK | 第69-70页 |
| 4.2 THE STRUCTURE OF BIOECONOMIC MODELLING PROCESS | 第70-75页 |
| 4.2.1 Incorporation of risk | 第70-71页 |
| 4.2.2 Modelling growth and botanical composition of the pasture resource | 第71-73页 |
| 4.2.3 Modelling grazing livestock | 第73-74页 |
| 4.2.4 Sources of data and application of the bioeconomic framework | 第74-75页 |
| 5 A DYNAMIC PATORAL SYSTEM MODEL FOR TIBETAN SHEEP AND YAK PRODUCTION SYSTEM | 第75-111页 |
| 5.1 MODELLING PASTURE GROWTH AND ITS BOTANICAL COMPOSITION CHANGE | 第76-80页 |
| 5.1.1 Pasture biomass function | 第76-77页 |
| 5.1.2 Pasture growth | 第77-78页 |
| 5.1.3 Growth index,water run-off and erosion | 第78页 |
| 5.1.4 Pasture consumption | 第78-80页 |
| 5.2 PASTURE COMPOSITION SUB-MODEL | 第80-85页 |
| 5.2.1 Desirable species population growth | 第81-83页 |
| 5.2.2 Impact of grazing livestock on desirable population | 第83-85页 |
| 5.3 MODELLING GRAZING LIVESTOCK | 第85-103页 |
| 5.3.1 Simulation of the flock structure | 第85-86页 |
| 5.3.2 Simulation of the selective grazing and animal growth ---the adoption of CSIRO system | 第86-103页 |
| 5.3.2.1 Calculation of the metabolizable energy intake from the feed | 第86-87页 |
| 5.3.2.2 Normal weight potential intake | 第87-90页 |
| 5.3.2.3 Relative intake | 第90-93页 |
| 5.3.2.4 Maintance,ME_m(MJ ME/d) | 第93-94页 |
| 5.3.2.5 Gestation requirements | 第94-95页 |
| 5.3.2.6 Lactation | 第95-97页 |
| 5.3.2.7 Energy requirements for wool growth | 第97-99页 |
| 5.3.2.8 Evaluation of E_(cold) (ME,MJ/d) | 第99-100页 |
| 5.3.2.9 Energy required for liveweight gain (LWG) | 第100-101页 |
| 5.3.2.10 Calculation of the ME utilisation efficiency | 第101-102页 |
| 5.3.2.11 Protein (Pr) balance | 第102-103页 |
| 5.4 MODELLING TEE ECONOMIC PERFORNIANCE | 第103-105页 |
| 5.5 INPUTS AND DIAGRAM OF THE EXECUTION PROCESS IN MATLAB PLATFORM | 第105-111页 |
| 5.5.1 Model Inputs | 第106-109页 |
| 5.5.2 General description of the execution in Matlab platform and loop that wokrs on yearly basis | 第109-110页 |
| 5.5.3 Grazing simulation loop---working on daily basis | 第110-111页 |
| 6 MODEL VALIDATION AND PARAMETERIZATION BASED ON A CASE STUDY IN QTP AREA | 第111-135页 |
| 6.1 GENERAL INFORMATION OF THE PROJECT IMPLEMENTED FOR PARAMETERIZATION AND VALIDATION | 第111页 |
| 6.2 PASTURE BIOMASS CALIBRATION AND SOIL CHEMICAL COMPONENTS DETERMINATION | 第111-116页 |
| 6.2.1 Experiment design | 第111-113页 |
| 6.2.2 Parameterization for pasture growth sub-model | 第113-115页 |
| 6.2.3 DMD determination and monthly DMD calibration | 第115-116页 |
| 6.3 VALIDATIONS OF THE ANIMAL SUB-MODEL | 第116-127页 |
| 6.3.1 Validation of the yak sub-model | 第116-123页 |
| 6.3.1.1 Validation of the normal weight | 第116-118页 |
| 6.3.1.2 Validation for the relative intake | 第118页 |
| 6.3.1.3 Validation of the ME_m in yak | 第118-120页 |
| 6.3.1.4 Validation on ME_g | 第120-121页 |
| 6.3.1.5 Validation of ME_l | 第121-123页 |
| 6.3.2 Tibetan sheep model validation | 第123-127页 |
| 6.3.2.1 Define the SRW and standard birth weight for Tibetan sheep | 第123-124页 |
| 6.3.2.2 Validation of the intake | 第124-125页 |
| 6.3.2.3 The validation of the ME_m in Tibetan sheep | 第125-126页 |
| 6.3.2.4 ME_g validation | 第126-127页 |
| 6.4 DISCUSSIONS | 第127-135页 |
| 6.4.1 Criteria and methods in model evaluation and validation | 第127-129页 |
| 6.4.2 Discussion on selective intake simulation in CSIRO system applied on yak and Tibetan sheep and the interaction between animals and pastures | 第129-132页 |
| 6.4.3 Discussion on energy simulation in CSIRO system applied on the yak and Tibetan sheep | 第132-135页 |
| 7 OVERALL SIMULATION RESULTS FOR CASE STUDY | 第135-155页 |
| 7.1 INTRODUCTION OF THE LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT IN THE CASE STUDY REGION | 第135-136页 |
| 7.2 SETTING UP A TYPICAL FARM IN THE MODEL FOR CASE STUDY | 第136-141页 |
| 7.2.1 Simulation results of the typical farm | 第137-139页 |
| 7.2.1.1 pasture resources | 第137-138页 |
| 7.2.1.2 DMD simulation and fluctuation and energ requirements | 第138-139页 |
| 7.2.2 Discussion on the potential key process in the evaluation of the feed balance | 第139-141页 |
| 7.3 SIMULATION TO DETERMINE THE THRESHOLD IN GRAZING MANAGEMENT FOR THE CASE STUDY | 第141-148页 |
| 7.3.1 Inputs and assumptions | 第141-142页 |
| 7.3.2 Simulation results | 第142-143页 |
| 7.3.3 Further verification of the potential grazing pressure threshold for the cases tudy area | 第143-146页 |
| 7.3.4 Discussions on the potertial riss of increasing pressure in the case study area | 第146-148页 |
| 7.4 EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDS | 第148-151页 |
| 7.4.1 Evaluation the better supplements----energy feed or forage | 第149-151页 |
| 7.5 DESTOCKING---THE VERY FIRST STEP TOWARDS BETTER MANAGEMENT | 第151-155页 |
| REFERENCE | 第155-174页 |
| APPENDICES | 第174-184页 |
| APPENDIX A. PARAMETERS,LIST FROM 2012 TECHNICAL PAPER | 第174-179页 |
| APPENDIX B. DETAILED MODEL INPUTS FOR A TYPICAL FARM REPRESENTING THE STATUS OF OULA TIBETAN SHEEP PRODUCTION SYSTEM AT MAQU COUNTY | 第179-184页 |
| 作者简介 | 第184-186页 |
| 导师简介 | 第186-188页 |
