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Photodegradation of Nonylphenol and Its Ethoxylates and Their Occurrence in Receiving Water Media

ABSTRACT第6页
List of contents第7-11页
List of Tables第11-12页
List of Figures第12-14页
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations第14-15页
Chapter 1 Introduction and research significanoe第15-22页
    1.1 Statement of the problem第15-19页
    1.2 Objectives第19-20页
    1.3 Organization of thesis第20-22页
Chapter 2:Literature review第22-46页
    2.1 Definition第22-23页
        2.1.1 Alkylphenol第22页
        2.1.2 Alkylphenol ethoxylates(Nonylphenol ethoxylates NPEO)第22-23页
    2.2 Physical and chemical properties第23-24页
    2.3 Sources and releases第24-26页
        2.3.1 Natural sources第24-25页
        2.3.2 Anthropogenc sourrces第25-26页
    2.4 Exposure characterization第26-29页
        2.4.1 Environmental fate第26页
        2.4.2 Air第26-27页
        2.4.3 Water and sediment第27-29页
    2.5 Environmental concentrations第29-32页
        2.5.1 Water and effluents第29-31页
        2.5.2 Soil and Sediment第31-32页
        2.5.3 Sewage Sludge第32页
    2.6 Toxicity第32-35页
        2.6.1 Nonylphenol toxicity第32-33页
        2.6.2 Toxicity of Nonylphenol Ethoxylate Metabolites第33-35页
    2.7 Extraction methods第35-39页
        2.7.1 Solid Phase Extraction第35-38页
        2.7.2 Microextractions第38-39页
    2.8 Method development for analyses第39-46页
        2.8.1 High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)第40-41页
        2.8.2 Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS)第41页
        2.8.3 Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS)第41-43页
            2.8.3.1 Gas Chromatography第41-42页
            2.8.3.2 Mass Spectroscopy第42-43页
        2.8.4 GCxGCxMS/TOF第43-46页
Chapter 3:NP and NPEOs determination by Chromatography instruments (HPLC and GC-MS)第46-64页
    3.1 Introduction第46-49页
    3.2 Materials and methods第49-53页
        3.2.1 Materials第49-50页
            3.2.1.1 Reagents and chemicals第49-50页
            3.2.1.2 Preparation of standard solutions第50页
            3.2.1.3 Equipment第50页
        3.2.2 Methods第50-53页
            3.2.2.1 HPLC determination of NP and NPEO第50-51页
            3.2.2.2 Extraction procedure第51-53页
            3.2.2.3 Determination of NP and NPEO by GC-MS第53页
    3.3 Results and discussion第53-62页
        3.3.1 HPLC第53-59页
            3.3.1.1 HPLC conditions for NP analysis第53-55页
            3.3.1.2 HPLC conditions for NP and NPEO mixture analysis第55-58页
            3.3.1.3 Extraction solvent and recovery第58-59页
        3.3.2 GC-MS第59-62页
    Conclusion第62-64页
Chapter 4:Determination of nonylphenol and its ethoxylates in water media (waste water collectors and groundwater)第64-82页
    4.1 Introduction第64-65页
    4.2 Materials and methods第65-72页
        4.2.1 Area of study第65-67页
        4.2.2 Samples collection第67-69页
        4.2.3 Reagents and chemicals第69页
        4.2.4 Extraction第69-70页
        4.2.5 Analytical determination of NP and NPEO第70-72页
            4.2.5.1 HPLC analysis第70页
            4.2.5.2 Gas Chromatography/Mass—spectrometry Analysis第70-72页
        4.2.6 Statistical analysis第72页
    4.3 Results and discussion第72-80页
        4.3.1 In-situ parameters第72页
        4.3.2 HPLC results第72-79页
            4.3.2.1 Surface waters第72-74页
            4.3.2.2 Groundwater第74-79页
        4.3.3 GC-MS results第79-80页
    Conclusion第80-82页
Chapter 5:Photodegradadation pathway of nonylphenol and its ethoxylates第82-102页
    5.1 Introduction第82-84页
    5.2 Materials and method第84-87页
        5.2.1 Materials第84页
        5.2.2 Method第84-87页
            5.2.2.1 Photodegradation experiment第84-85页
            5.2.2.2 Analysis第85-87页
                5.2.2.2.1 Extraction第85-86页
                5.2.2.2.2 Analytical procedure for determination of nonylphenol ethoxylates (NP9EO) and its degradation metabolites第86-87页
                    5.2.2.2.2.1 High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography第86-87页
                    5.2.2.2.2.2 Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry第87页
    5.3 Results and discussion第87-101页
        5.3.1 HPLC results第88-89页
        5.3.2 GC-MS results第89-101页
            5.3.2.1 Influencing factors of NP degradation第89-95页
                5.3.2.1.1 Choice of the photochemically active substance第89-90页
                5.3.2.1.2 Influence of H2O2 concentration on NP removal第90-93页
                5.3.2.1.3 Effect of pH on NP photodegradation第93-94页
                5.3.2.1.4 Impact of NP initial concentration on the degradation process第94-95页
            5.3.2.2 Pathway of NP photodegradation第95-97页
            5.3.2.3 Pathway of NP photodegradation第97-101页
    Conclusion第101-102页
Chapter 6 General conclusions第102-104页
References第104-116页

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