| Abstract | 第8-11页 |
| 摘要 | 第12-24页 |
| Chapter 1 Introduction | 第24-49页 |
| 1.1 Energy and its status | 第24-25页 |
| 1.1.1 Biomass fuel | 第25页 |
| 1.2 Catalyses-setting the scene | 第25-27页 |
| 1.3 Biodiesel | 第27-44页 |
| 1.3.1 History of biodiesel | 第27-28页 |
| 1.3.2 Facts and advantages of biodiesel | 第28-30页 |
| 1.3.3 Feedstock for biodiesel production | 第30-31页 |
| 1.3.4 Fats and oils | 第31页 |
| 1.3.5 Methods of producing biodiesel | 第31-37页 |
| 1.3.6 Factors affecting biodiesel production | 第37-39页 |
| 1.3.7 Determination and quantification of biodiesel yields | 第39-40页 |
| 1.3.8 Properties of biodiesel | 第40-44页 |
| 1.4 Objectives and significance of the study | 第44-46页 |
| 1.5 Research clue and the main content | 第46-49页 |
| Chapter 2 A comparative study of conventional and ultrasonic assisted methods forproducing biodiesel from Silybum marianum oil | 第49-70页 |
| Introduction | 第49-51页 |
| 2.1 Instruments,materials and reagents | 第51页 |
| 2.1.1 Instruments | 第51页 |
| 2.1.2 Materials and reagents | 第51页 |
| 2.2 Experimental and methodologies | 第51-55页 |
| 2.2.1 Extraction of oil | 第51页 |
| 2.2.2 Acid and saponification values of the crude S. marianum oil | 第51-52页 |
| 2.2.3 Determination of the saponification value | 第52-53页 |
| 2.2.4 Transesterification of S. marianum biodiesel | 第53页 |
| 2.2.5 Analyses of biodiesel yields | 第53-54页 |
| 2.2.6 Identification of the ester content | 第54页 |
| 2.2.7 Kinetics model of transesterification of S. marianum oil | 第54-55页 |
| 2.3 Results and discussion | 第55-69页 |
| 2.3.1 Extraction of oil | 第55-56页 |
| 2.3.2 Comparison and trend of transesteriifcation reaction conditions on yields ofconventional stirring (600 rpm) and ultrasonication (40 kHz) | 第56-64页 |
| 2.3.3 Kinetics model of transesterification of S.marianum oil | 第64-66页 |
| 2.3.4 Comparison of fuel properties of methanol and ethanol to PRC,ASTM and European Union standards | 第66-68页 |
| 2.3.5 Conclusion | 第68-69页 |
| 2.4 Summary | 第69-70页 |
| Chapter 3 Application of zirconia loaded with KOH as heterogeneous solid basecatalyst to Silybum marianum oil for biodiesel | 第70-91页 |
| Introduction | 第70-71页 |
| 3.1 Instruments,materials and methodologies | 第71-72页 |
| 3.1.1 Instruments | 第71页 |
| 3.1.2 Materials and reagents | 第71-72页 |
| 3.2 Experimental and methodologies | 第72-75页 |
| 3.2.1 Extraction of oil | 第72页 |
| 3.2.2 Preparation of the catalysts | 第72页 |
| 3.2.3 Characterization of the catalysts | 第72-75页 |
| 3.3 Results and discussion | 第75-90页 |
| 3.3.1 Extraction of oil | 第75-76页 |
| 3.3.2 Screening of the catalysts | 第76-78页 |
| 3.3.3 Catalyst characterizations | 第78-83页 |
| 3.3.4 Influence of transesterification reaction conditions | 第83-87页 |
| 3.3.5 Catalyst regeneration | 第87-88页 |
| 3.3.6 Comparison of S. marianum biodiesel properties to international standards | 第88-89页 |
| 3.3.7 Conclusion | 第89-90页 |
| 3.4 Summary | 第90-91页 |
| Chapter 4 Modified TiO_2 dope with C_4H_4O_6HK as efficient and economicalheterogeneous catalyst under ultrasonic transesterification for Silybum marianumbiodiesel | 第91-119页 |
| Introduction | 第91-93页 |
| 4.1 Instruments, materials and methodologies | 第93页 |
| 4.1.1 Instruments | 第93页 |
| 4.1.2 Materials and reagents | 第93页 |
| 4.2 Experimental and methodologies | 第93-98页 |
| 4.2.1 Oil extraction | 第93页 |
| 4.2.2 Preparation of pure TiO_2 support | 第93-94页 |
| 4.2.3 Preparation of the catalyst | 第94-95页 |
| 4.2.4 Characterization of the catalysts | 第95-96页 |
| 4.2.5 Transesterification of biodiesel under ultrasonication | 第96-97页 |
| 4.2.6 Determination of biodiesel properties | 第97-98页 |
| 4.2.7 Oxidative stability enhancement | 第98页 |
| 4.3 Results and discussion | 第98-118页 |
| 4.3.1 Screening and the influence of preparation conditions on the catalyst performance | 第98-99页 |
| 4.3.2 Effect of support | 第99页 |
| 4.3.3 Effect of KHC_4H_4O_6 loading ratio on FAME yield | 第99-100页 |
| 4.3.4 Effect of calcination temperature on FAME yield | 第100-101页 |
| 4.3.5 Effect of calcination time on FAME yield | 第101页 |
| 4.3.6 Catalyst characterization | 第101-106页 |
| 4.3.7 Influence of reaction parameters on the oil conversion | 第106-113页 |
| 4.3.8 Enhancement of the oxidative stability | 第113-114页 |
| 4.3.9 Characterization of S. marianum biodiesel | 第114-115页 |
| 4.3.10 Catalyst stability | 第115-116页 |
| 4.3.11 Comparison of S. marianum biodiesel properties to international standards | 第116-117页 |
| 4.3.12 Conclusion | 第117-118页 |
| 4.4 Summary | 第118-119页 |
| Chapter 5 Acid treated attapulgite functionalized with Na-compounds as novel bi-functional heterogeneous solid catalysts for transesterification of Silybum marianumoil to biodiesel | 第119-144页 |
| Introduction | 第119-121页 |
| 5.1 Instruments,materials and reagents | 第121页 |
| 5.1.1 Instruments | 第121页 |
| 5.1.2 Materials and reagents | 第121页 |
| 5.2 Experimental and methodologies | 第121-126页 |
| 5.2.1 Catalysts synthesis | 第121-122页 |
| 5.2.2 Characterization of the catalysts | 第122-123页 |
| 5.2.3 Transesterification of the oil to biodiesel | 第123页 |
| 5.2.4 Analyses and characterization of methyl esters content | 第123-124页 |
| 5.2.5 Measurement of the biodiesel properties | 第124-126页 |
| 5.3 Results and discussion | 第126-143页 |
| 5.3.1 Catalyst characterization | 第126页 |
| 5.3.2 Thermogravimetric analyses | 第126-128页 |
| 5.3.3 XRD | 第128-129页 |
| 5.3.4 SEM | 第129-130页 |
| 5.3.5 FTIR | 第130-131页 |
| 5.3.6 EDS analysis | 第131-132页 |
| 5.3.7 Transesterification reactions | 第132-140页 |
| 5.3.8 Recovery and reusability of the catalysts | 第140-141页 |
| 5.3.9 The properties of the biodiesel | 第141-142页 |
| 5.3.10 Conclusion | 第142-143页 |
| 5.4 Summary | 第143-144页 |
| Chapter 6 General conclusions and future works | 第144-148页 |
| 6.1 General conclusion | 第144-146页 |
| 6.2 Innovation/Novelty | 第146-147页 |
| 6.3 Future works | 第147-148页 |
| References | 第148-166页 |
| Acknowledgment | 第166-167页 |
| Publications | 第167-168页 |
