| 摘要 | 第6-7页 |
| abstract | 第7页 |
| CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION | 第14-25页 |
| 1.1 Rice, an important cereal crop | 第14页 |
| 1.2 Rice a model plant for genetics and breeding aspects | 第14-15页 |
| 1.3 Seed formation mechanism and final seed size | 第15-17页 |
| 1.3.1 Zygotic and maternal factors regulate organ size in plants | 第15-17页 |
| 1.4 Superior grain quality with high grain yield | 第17-18页 |
| 1.4.1 Superior grain quality | 第17-18页 |
| 1.4.2 High grain yield | 第18页 |
| 1.5 VP16 and EAR | 第18-20页 |
| 1.5.1 Domain structure and interacting proteins of VP | 第18-19页 |
| 1.5.2 EAR transcription suppression domain | 第19-20页 |
| 1.6 DA1 and DAR Genes(Research Progress) | 第20-25页 |
| 1.6.1 Control of final seed and organ size by the DA1 gene family in Arabidopsisthaliana | 第20-21页 |
| 1.6.2 The ubiquitin receptor DA1 interacts with the E3 ubiquitin ligase DA2 toregulate seed and organ size in Arabidopsis | 第21页 |
| 1.6.3 Control of root meristem size by DA2 in Arabidopsis | 第21-22页 |
| 1.6.4 The ubiquitin receptor DA1 regulates seed and organ size by modulating thestability of the ubiquitin-specific protease UBP15/SOD2 in Arabidopsis | 第22页 |
| 1.6.5 The ubiquitin receptors DA1, DAR1, and DAR2 redundantly regulateendoreduplication by modulating the stability of TCP14/15 | 第22-24页 |
| 1.6.6 Genetic and molecular network for maternal control of seed size | 第24-25页 |
| CHAPTER 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS: | 第25-38页 |
| 2.1 PCR primers | 第25页 |
| 2.1.1 Tips for a good primer design | 第25页 |
| 2.2 DNA extraction | 第25-26页 |
| 2.2.1 DNA extraction by CTAB method | 第25-26页 |
| 2.3 RNA extraction | 第26页 |
| 2.4 c DNA synthesis | 第26-27页 |
| 2.5 Full length c DNA amplification | 第27-28页 |
| 2.6 Gel electrophoresis | 第28-29页 |
| 2.6.1 Agarose gel electrophoresis | 第28-29页 |
| 2.6.2 SDS-PAGE | 第29页 |
| 2.7 Western blotting | 第29-30页 |
| 2.8 DNA agarose gel recovery | 第30-31页 |
| 2.9 E. coli transformation | 第31-32页 |
| 2.9.1 Heat-shock transformation | 第31页 |
| 2.9.2 Single colony culture | 第31页 |
| 2.9.3 PCR assay | 第31-32页 |
| 2.10 Plasmid extraction | 第32-33页 |
| 2.11 Agrobacterium electroporation | 第33页 |
| 2.12 Gateway reactions | 第33-34页 |
| 2.13 Chemical preparation | 第34-38页 |
| CHAPTER 3 RESULTS | 第38-65页 |
| 3.1 DAR genes in Arabidopsis and Rice | 第38-40页 |
| 3.1.1 LOC_Os03g16090 | 第39页 |
| 3.1.2 LOC_Os12g40490 | 第39页 |
| 3.1.3 LOC_Os03g42820 | 第39-40页 |
| 3.2 DARs-VP16 transgenic lines | 第40-46页 |
| 3.2.1 Expression level of DARs- VP16 in transgenic lines | 第40页 |
| 3.2.2 DARs fused with VP16 enhances grain size in rice | 第40-42页 |
| 3.2.3 DARs-VP16 lines showed compact panicle and more spikelets | 第42-44页 |
| 3.2.4 DARs-VP16 lines showed no obvious architecture phenotype | 第44-46页 |
| 3.3 DARs-EAR transgenic lines | 第46-52页 |
| 3.3.1 Expression level of DARs-EAR in transgenic lines | 第46页 |
| 3.3.2 DARs fused with EAR reduces grain size and KGW in rice | 第46-48页 |
| 3.3.3 DARs fused with EAR reduces number of spikelets per panicle fused | 第48-50页 |
| 3.3.4 DARs-EAR lines showed no obvious architecture phenotype | 第50-52页 |
| 3.4 DARs Over expression (DAR-OEX) lines | 第52-59页 |
| 3.4.1 Expression level of DARs in DARs-OEX lines | 第52页 |
| 3.4.2 DARs-OEX enhances grain length and width | 第52-55页 |
| 3.4.3 DARs-OEX lines showed more spikelets with normal seed setting rate | 第55-58页 |
| 3.4.4 DAR-OEX lines shows no significant change in plant height | 第58-59页 |
| 3.5 DAR4-CAS9 knock out lines | 第59-62页 |
| 3.5.1 Knockout of DAR4 reduces grain length and width in rice | 第59-60页 |
| 3.5.2 DAR4 knockout lines reduces number of spikelets per panicles | 第60-61页 |
| 3.5.3 Plant architecture of knockout lines was similar with wild type | 第61-62页 |
| 3.6 Expression level of DARs in rice plant tissues at different stages | 第62-65页 |
| CHAPTER 4 DISCUSSION | 第65-70页 |
| CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS | 第70-72页 |
| REFERENCE | 第72-79页 |
| Acknowledgement | 第79-80页 |
| Resume | 第80-81页 |
