| ABSTRACT | 第10-14页 |
| 摘要 | 第15-18页 |
| ABBREVIATIONS | 第18-20页 |
| CHAPTER 1 Literature review and study plan | 第20-44页 |
| 1 Blunt snout bream (M. amblycephala) aquaculture production in China | 第20页 |
| 2 Overview of fish nutrition, feeds and health | 第20-22页 |
| 3 Digestive physiology of fish | 第22-26页 |
| 3.1 Structure and functional asspects of digestive organs | 第23-24页 |
| 3.2 Digestion | 第24-25页 |
| 3.3 Absorption | 第25-26页 |
| 4 Fish immunue systems | 第26-31页 |
| 4.1 Fish immune organs | 第28-29页 |
| 4.2 Fish immune cells | 第29页 |
| 4.3 Innate (non-specific) immune system | 第29-30页 |
| 4.4 Aquared (specific) immune system | 第30-31页 |
| 5 The role of dietary nutrients in fish nutrition | 第31-38页 |
| 5.1 Amino acids | 第32-33页 |
| 5.2 Amino acids utilization | 第33-35页 |
| 5.3 The role of amino acids | 第35-37页 |
| 5.4 IAAs requirement of fish | 第37-38页 |
| 5.5 Threonine | 第38页 |
| 6 Overview of blunt snout bream nutrition studies | 第38-39页 |
| 7 Hypothesis and purpose of the study | 第39-41页 |
| 8 Content of the study | 第41-42页 |
| 9 Schematic representation of the whole study | 第42-44页 |
| CHAPTER 2 Dietary threonine requirement of juvenile blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) | 第44-66页 |
| 1 Introduction | 第44-46页 |
| 2 Materials and methods | 第46-53页 |
| 2.1 Diet preparation | 第46页 |
| 2.2 Experimental facility and fish rearing | 第46-48页 |
| 2.3 Sample collection | 第48-49页 |
| 2.4 Proximate chemical composition analysis | 第49-51页 |
| 2.5 Plasma biochemical assay | 第51页 |
| 2.6 Real-time PCR analysis | 第51-52页 |
| 2.7 Statistical analysis | 第52-53页 |
| 3 Results | 第53-61页 |
| 3.1 Growth performance and feed utilization | 第53页 |
| 3.2 Whole body composition | 第53-55页 |
| 3.3 Plasma free IAAs concentration | 第55页 |
| 3.4 Plasma biochemical composition | 第55-58页 |
| 3.5 TOR and 4E-BP2 gene expressions | 第58-61页 |
| 4 Discussion | 第61-64页 |
| 4.1 Effect of threonine on growth performance and body composition | 第61-63页 |
| 4.2 Effect of threonine on plasma biochemical composition | 第63-64页 |
| 4.3 Effect of threonine on the relative gene expressions of TOR and 4E-BP2 | 第64页 |
| 5 Conclusion | 第64-66页 |
| CHAPTER 3 A deficiency or an excess dietary threonine level affects weight gain, enzyme activity,immune response and immune-related gene expression in juvenile blunt snout bream(Megalobrama amblycephala) | 第66-82页 |
| 1 Introduction | 第66-68页 |
| 2 Materials and methods | 第68-71页 |
| 2.1 Diet preparation | 第68页 |
| 2.2 Experimental facility and fish rearing | 第68页 |
| 2.3 Sample collection | 第68页 |
| 2.4 Biochemical analysis | 第68-69页 |
| 2.5 Real-time PCR analysis | 第69-71页 |
| 2.6 Statistical analysis | 第71页 |
| 3 Results | 第71-77页 |
| 3.1 Effects of deficient and excess dietary threonine on weight gain | 第71-72页 |
| 3.2 Effects of deficient and excess dietary threonine on plasma enzyme activityand immune response | 第72-73页 |
| 3.3 Effects of deficient and excess dietary threonine on TOR and 4E-BP2 geneexpressions | 第73-74页 |
| 3.4 Effects of deficient and excess dietary threonine on TNF-α gene expression | 第74页 |
| 3.5 Effects of deficient and excess dietary threonine on Cu/Zn-SOD geneexpression | 第74-77页 |
| 4 Discussion | 第77-81页 |
| 4.1 Effects of deficient and excess dietary threonine on weight gain | 第77页 |
| 4.2 Effects of deficient and excess dietary threonine on plasma enzymes activityand immune response | 第77-79页 |
| 4.3 Effects of deficient and excess dietary threonine on immune-related genesexpression | 第79-81页 |
| 5 Conclusion | 第81-82页 |
| CHAPTER 4 Threonine affects digestion capacity and hepatopancreatic gene expression of juvenile bluntsnout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) | 第82-102页 |
| 1 Introduction | 第82-84页 |
| 2 Materials and methods | 第84-88页 |
| 2.1 Diet preparation | 第84页 |
| 2.2 Experimental facility and fish rearing | 第84页 |
| 2.3 Sample collection | 第84-85页 |
| 2.4 Enzymes activity assay | 第85页 |
| 2.5 Real-time PCR analysis | 第85-87页 |
| 2.6 Calculations and statistical analysis | 第87-88页 |
| 3 Results | 第88-97页 |
| 3.1 Digestive organ growth and development | 第88-89页 |
| 3.2 Digestive enzymes activity in hepatopancreas | 第89-91页 |
| 3.3 Digestive enzymes activity in intestinal segments | 第91-93页 |
| 3.4 Gene expression of digestive enzymes in hepatopancreas | 第93-95页 |
| 3.5 Gene expressions of TOR, 4E-BP2 and IGF-I in hepatopancreas | 第95-97页 |
| 4 Discussion | 第97-100页 |
| 4.1 Effect of dietary threonine on the growth and development of digestive organs(hepatopancreas and intestine) | 第97-98页 |
| 4.2 Effect of dietary threonine on the digestive enzymes activity and relative geneexpression | 第98-99页 |
| 4.3 Effect of dietary threonine on the relative gene expressions of TOR, 4E-BP2and IGF-I | 第99-100页 |
| 5 Conclusion | 第100-102页 |
| CHAPTER 5 Threonine influences the absorption capacity and brush-border enzymes gene expression inthe intestine of juvenile blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) | 第102-118页 |
| 1 Introduction | 第102-104页 |
| 2 Materials and methods | 第104-107页 |
| 2.1 Diet preparation | 第104页 |
| 2.2 Experimental facility and fish rearing | 第104页 |
| 2.3 Sample collection | 第104页 |
| 2.4 Plasma parameters measurement | 第104-105页 |
| 2.5 Hepatopancreas and intestinal enzyme assay | 第105页 |
| 2.6 Real-time PCR analysis | 第105-107页 |
| 2.7 Statistical analysis | 第107页 |
| 3 Results | 第107-113页 |
| 3.1 Brush-border enzymes activity in three intestinal segements | 第107-109页 |
| 3.2 GOT, GPT and ALP activities and ammonia content | 第109-110页 |
| 3.3 Relative gene expression of alkaline phosphatase | 第110-111页 |
| 3.4 Relative gene expression of sodium/potassium-ATPase transporter | 第111-112页 |
| 3.5 Relative gene expression of y-glutamyl transpeptidase | 第112-113页 |
| 4 Discussion | 第113-115页 |
| 4.1 Effect of dietary threonine on absorption capacity | 第113-114页 |
| 4.2 Effect of dietary threonine on amino acid metabolism | 第114-115页 |
| 4.3 Effect of dietary threonine on the gene expression of brush-border enzymes | 第115页 |
| 5 Conclusion | 第115-118页 |
| CHAPTER 6 Threonine modulates immune response, antioxidant status and gene expressions ofantioxidant enzymes and antioxidant-immune-cytokine-related signaling molecules injuvenile blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) | 第118-140页 |
| 1 Introduction | 第118-121页 |
| 2 Materials and methods | 第121-125页 |
| 2.1 Diet preparation | 第121页 |
| 2.2 Experimental facility and fish rearing | 第121页 |
| 2.3 Sample collection | 第121-122页 |
| 2.4 Blood parameter measurement | 第122页 |
| 2.5 Hepatopancreatic antioxidant enzyme activity assay | 第122页 |
| 2.6 Real-time PCR analysis | 第122-125页 |
| 2.7 Statistical analysis | 第125页 |
| 3 Results | 第125-132页 |
| 3.1 Hematological parameters | 第125-126页 |
| 3.2 Plasma immune parameters | 第126-127页 |
| 3.3 Hepatopancreatic antioxidant enzyme activity | 第127-128页 |
| 3.4 Relative gene expression of antioxidant enzymes and Nrf | 第128-131页 |
| 3.5 Relative gene expression of antioxidant-cytokine-immune-related signalingmolecules | 第131-132页 |
| 4 Discussion | 第132-137页 |
| 4.1 Effect of dietary threonine on hematological and immune parameters | 第133-134页 |
| 4.2 Effect of dietary threonine on the antioxidant enzymes activity and geneexpressions of antioxidant enzymes and Nrf2 | 第134-136页 |
| 4.3 Effect of dietary threonine on the relative gene expression ofantioxidant-immune-cytokine-related signaling molecules | 第136-137页 |
| 5 Conclusion | 第137-140页 |
| Conclusion of the whole study | 第140-142页 |
| References | 第142-168页 |
| Appendix | 第168-174页 |
| Acknowledgements | 第174-176页 |
| Publications | 第176-178页 |
| Academic awards and rewards | 第178页 |
| Academic seminars attended | 第178-179页 |
