| 作者简介 | 第1-7页 |
| 摘要 | 第7-11页 |
| ABSTRACT | 第11-23页 |
| CHAPTER 1 General Introduction and Literature Review | 第23-68页 |
| ·Sources of Environmental Contaminants and Status | 第23-24页 |
| ·Heavy Metal Pollution | 第23-24页 |
| ·Pesticide Pollution | 第24页 |
| ·Effect of Environmental Contaminants on Soil Microbial Community | 第24-28页 |
| ·Effect on Soil Community Diversity | 第25-27页 |
| ·Effect on Soil Microbial Enzymatic Activity | 第27-28页 |
| ·Geomicrobiologic Properties of Iron | 第28-35页 |
| ·Iron Distribution in Earth's Crust | 第28页 |
| ·Iron in the Environment | 第28-31页 |
| ·Geochemically Important Properties | 第31页 |
| ·Biological Importance of Iron | 第31-33页 |
| ·Iron Metabolism | 第33-34页 |
| ·Iron Toxicity | 第34-35页 |
| ·Application of Dissolved Oxygen Biosensor | 第35-37页 |
| ·Working Principle of Oxygen Sensor | 第35-36页 |
| ·Application of Dissolved Oxygen Biosensor | 第36-37页 |
| ·Sorption Processes Involving Organic Chemicals | 第37-41页 |
| ·General Introduction of Sorption | 第37-38页 |
| ·Fundamentals of the Adsorption Theory | 第38-39页 |
| ·Potential Environmental Impact of Engineered Carbon-Based Nanomaterials and Environmental Behavior | 第39-41页 |
| ·Evaluation of Toxicity | 第41-44页 |
| ·Toxicant, Toxicology and Development of Toxicology | 第41-42页 |
| ·Dose-Response Relatioship in Toxicology | 第42页 |
| ·Application of the Dose-Response Curve | 第42-44页 |
| ·Microorganisms as Indicators of Soil Health | 第44-47页 |
| ·Soil Health | 第44-45页 |
| ·Microbial Indicators of Soil Health | 第45-47页 |
| ·Application of Isothermal Microcalorimetry | 第47-53页 |
| ·Introduction of Isothermal Microcalorimetry | 第48-49页 |
| ·Application of Microcalorimetry in Microorganisms | 第49-50页 |
| ·Application of Microcalorimetry in Soil | 第50-53页 |
| ·Aim, Significance and Contents of This Thesis | 第53-56页 |
| References | 第56-68页 |
| CHAPTER 2 Development and Analytical Application of A Glucose Biosensor Based on Glucose Oxidaseo-(2-Hydroxyl)Propyl-3-Trimethyl ammonium Chitosan Chloride Nanoparticle-Immobilized Onion Inner Epidermis | 第68-85页 |
| ·Introduction | 第68-70页 |
| ·Materials and Methods | 第70-72页 |
| ·Materials and Reagents | 第70页 |
| ·Preparation of O-HTCC Nanoparticle | 第70-71页 |
| ·Immobilization of GOx/O-HTCC NP on Onion Membrane | 第71页 |
| ·Scanning Electron Microscopy of Onion Membrane | 第71页 |
| ·Assembly of Glucose Biosensor and Determination | 第71-72页 |
| ·Results and Discussion | 第72-81页 |
| ·Microstructure of Onion Inner Membranes without and with GOx/O-HTCC NP | 第72-73页 |
| ·Response Behavior of Glucose Biosensor | 第73-74页 |
| ·Effect of the Amount of O-HTCC NP | 第74页 |
| ·Effect of Enzyme Loading | 第74-75页 |
| ·Comparison of Performance of GOx Immobilized Onion Membrane Using O-HTCC NP, Chitosan and Glutaraldehyde | 第75-76页 |
| ·Effect of pH | 第76页 |
| ·Effect of Temperature | 第76-77页 |
| ·Effect of Buffer Concentration | 第77-78页 |
| ·Analytical Features of Merit of Glucose Biosensor | 第78-79页 |
| ·Interference Study | 第79-80页 |
| ·Sample Analysis | 第80-81页 |
| ·Conclusion | 第81页 |
| ·References | 第81-85页 |
| CHAPTER 3 Short-time Effect of Heavy Metals upon Microbial Community Activity | 第85-100页 |
| ·Introduction | 第85-86页 |
| ·Materials and Methods | 第86-90页 |
| ·Materials and Reagents | 第86页 |
| ·Soil Sampling and Analysis | 第86-87页 |
| ·Determination and Immobilization of Glucose Oxidase | 第87-88页 |
| ·Instrument | 第88页 |
| ·Experimental Design | 第88-89页 |
| ·Calculation of Parameters | 第89页 |
| ·Statistical Analyses | 第89-90页 |
| ·Results and Discussion | 第90-96页 |
| ·Thermogenic Curves | 第90-91页 |
| ·Comparing the Toxicity of Heavy Metals | 第91-93页 |
| ·Analysis of Change of Soil Microbial Population | 第93-94页 |
| ·Determining the Glucose Degradation in Soilby Dissolved Oxygen Biosensor | 第94-96页 |
| ·Conclusion | 第96页 |
| ·References | 第96-100页 |
| CHAPTER 4 Comparative Toxicity of Chlorpyrifos and Its Oxon Derivatives to Soil Microbial Activity by Combined Methods | 第100-116页 |
| ·Introduction | 第100-101页 |
| ·Materials and Methods | 第101-103页 |
| ·Materials | 第102页 |
| ·Soil Sampling and Analysis | 第102页 |
| ·Microcalorimeter and Soil Treatment | 第102页 |
| ·Determination of Urease Activity of Soil Sample | 第102-103页 |
| ·Statistical Analyses | 第103页 |
| ·Results and Discussion | 第103-112页 |
| ·Thermogenic Curves of Soil Microbial Activities | 第103-105页 |
| ·Relationship between Growth Constant Rate k and Inhibitory Ratio I and Dose of CPF and CPO | 第105-107页 |
| ·Relationship between Total Heat Released Q_T, Metabolic Enthalpy ΔH_(met) and Mass Specific Heat Rate J_(Q/S) and Dose of CPF and CPO | 第107-108页 |
| ·Relationship between Different Thermodynamic Parameters | 第108-110页 |
| ·Relationship between Urease Activity and Dose of CPF and CPO | 第110-111页 |
| ·Environmental Evaluation | 第111-112页 |
| ·Conclusion | 第112页 |
| ·References | 第112-116页 |
| CHAPTER 5 Comparative Study of the Bacterial-Fungal Interaction with Fe(Ⅲ)in Soil by Combined Method | 第116-132页 |
| ·Introduction | 第116-117页 |
| ·Materials and Methods | 第117-119页 |
| ·Materials | 第118页 |
| ·Soil Sample and Incubating Microbes into the Soil | 第118页 |
| ·Immobilization of Glucose Oxidase on Eggshell Membrane | 第118页 |
| ·Instrument | 第118页 |
| ·Soil Sample Preparation and Treatment for Microcalorimetry and Glucose Determination | 第118-119页 |
| ·Calculation of Microbial Growth Rate Constant,Total Heat Evolution,Metabolic Enthalpy Biomass C,and Mass Specific Heat Rate of Soil Microorganisms | 第119页 |
| ·Statistical Analyses | 第119页 |
| ·Results and Discussion | 第119-128页 |
| ·Calorimetric Measurements of Sterile Soil Inoculated with Single and Mixed Species | 第120-121页 |
| ·Effect of Fe(Ⅲ) on the Thermodynamic Parameters | 第121-126页 |
| ·Determining the Glucose Degradation in Soil by Dissolved Oxygen Biosensor | 第126-128页 |
| ·Conclusion | 第128页 |
| ·References | 第128-132页 |
| CHAPTER 6 Microcalorimetric Investigation of the Toxic Effect of Iron Species on Escherichia coli | 第132-142页 |
| ·Introduction | 第132-133页 |
| ·Materials and Methods | 第133-134页 |
| ·Materials | 第133页 |
| ·Instrument | 第133页 |
| ·Methods | 第133-134页 |
| ·Results and Discussion | 第134-140页 |
| ·Thermogenic Curves of the Growth of E. coli | 第134-136页 |
| ·Growth Rate Constant (k) and Inhibitory Ratio (I) | 第136-137页 |
| ·Relationship between Growth Rate Constant (k) and Concentration (C) | 第137页 |
| ·Relationship between Inhibitory Ratio (I) and Concentration (C) | 第137-139页 |
| ·Relationship between Q_(total) and Concentration (C) | 第139-140页 |
| ·Conclusion | 第140页 |
| ·References | 第140-142页 |
| CHAPTER 7 Microcalorimetric Investigation of the Toxic Action of Ammonium Ferric(Ⅲ) Sulfate on the Metabolic Activity of Pure Microbes | 第142-154页 |
| ·Introduction | 第142-143页 |
| ·Materials and Methods | 第143-144页 |
| ·Microorganisms and Materials | 第143页 |
| ·Calorimetric Method | 第143页 |
| ·Determination of Cell Dry Weight | 第143页 |
| ·Determination of Optical Density (OD) | 第143-144页 |
| ·Preparation of the Sample | 第144页 |
| ·Results and Discussion | 第144-152页 |
| ·Power-time Curves of the Three Microbial Growth Reactions | 第144-147页 |
| ·Power-time Curve, Turbidity Change Curve and Biomass of Candida humicola during the Growth at the Absence of AFS | 第147-148页 |
| ·Microbial Growth Rate Constant (k), Generation Time (G) and Inhibitory Ratio (I) of Three Microbe Growth in the Presence of AFS | 第148-151页 |
| ·Comparison of the Total Heat (Q_T mL~(-1)) Released by Three Microorganisms under the Different Doses of AFS | 第151-152页 |
| ·Conclusion | 第152页 |
| ·References | 第152-154页 |
| CHAPTER 8 Determination of Interaction of As(Ⅲ) And Fe(Ⅱ) by Metabolic Activity of Pseudomonas Fluorescens | 第154-165页 |
| ·Introduction | 第154-155页 |
| ·Materials and Methods | 第155-156页 |
| ·Reagent and Microorganism | 第155-156页 |
| ·Microcalorimeter and Sample Preparation | 第156页 |
| ·FT-IR Characterization | 第156页 |
| ·Statistical Analyses | 第156页 |
| ·Results and Discussion | 第156-161页 |
| ·Power-time Curves of the Microbial Growth | 第156-158页 |
| ·Comparison of Growth Constant Rate k, Inhibitory Ratio I and Total Heat Released Q_T | 第158-160页 |
| ·FT-IR Characterization | 第160-161页 |
| ·Conclusions | 第161-162页 |
| ·References | 第162-165页 |
| CHAPTER 9 Adsorption of Dialkyl Phthalate Esters on Carbon Nanotubes | 第165-182页 |
| ·Introduction | 第165-166页 |
| ·Materials and Methods | 第166-169页 |
| ·Absorbents | 第166页 |
| ·Absorbates | 第166-167页 |
| ·Adsorption Experiments | 第167-168页 |
| ·UV/vis Studies of Complexation in Solution | 第168页 |
| ·Sorption Models and Statistical Analysis | 第168-169页 |
| ·Results and Discussion | 第169-179页 |
| ·Characterization of Carbon Nanotubes | 第169页 |
| ·Adsorption to Carbon Nanotubes | 第169-177页 |
| ·Adsorption Mechanism | 第177-179页 |
| ·Environmental Implications | 第179页 |
| ·Conclusion | 第179页 |
| ·References | 第179-182页 |
| CHAPTER 10 Conclusions and Future Research Work | 第182-187页 |
| ·Conclusions | 第182-185页 |
| ·Developing Method of a Glucose Biosensor | 第182-183页 |
| ·Interaction of Heavy Metals and Pesticide with Environmental Microbial Community | 第183页 |
| ·Environmental Behavior of Dialkyl Phthalate Esters and Carbon Nanotubes | 第183-184页 |
| ·Interaction of Iron with Pure Environmental Microorganisms | 第184-185页 |
| ·SuggestionS for Future Research Work | 第185-187页 |
| ·Application of Isothermal Microcalorimetry in Environmental Science | 第185-186页 |
| ·Environmental Behavior of Environmental Contaminants | 第186-187页 |
| Acknowledgements | 第187页 |
