| Abstract | 第5-8页 |
| 中文摘要 | 第9-19页 |
| Chapter 1 Introduction | 第19-38页 |
| 1.1 Research background | 第19-22页 |
| 1.2 Methods used for the detection of heavy metal ions | 第22-23页 |
| 1.3 Advantages and disadvantages of these methods | 第23-24页 |
| 1.4 Graphene based electrochemical sensors | 第24-25页 |
| 1.5 Characteristic, advantages and challenges of using graphene as a base material | 第25-34页 |
| 1.6 Applications of r GO/metal oxide/ conducting polymers | 第34-36页 |
| 1.7 Aims and objectives of the present study | 第36-38页 |
| Chapter 2 Experimental section | 第38-48页 |
| 2.1 Chemical reagents and apparatus | 第38-41页 |
| 2.1.1 Chemical reagents | 第38-40页 |
| 2.1.2 Apparatus | 第40-41页 |
| 2.2 Electrochemical behavior | 第41-42页 |
| 2.3 Analysis and characterizations | 第42-43页 |
| 2.4 Design strategies of graphene based electrochemical sensors | 第43-44页 |
| 2.5 Characterization techniques | 第44-48页 |
| 2.5.1 X-ray diffractometry (XRD) | 第44页 |
| 2.5.2 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) | 第44页 |
| 2.5.3 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) | 第44页 |
| 2.5.4 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) | 第44页 |
| 2.5.5 Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) | 第44-45页 |
| 2.5.6 Raman spectroscopy | 第45页 |
| 2.5.7 Thermo gravimetric (TG) analysis | 第45页 |
| 2.5.8 Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis | 第45页 |
| 2.5.9 Cyclic voltammetric (CV) | 第45-46页 |
| 2.5.10 Electrochemical impedance spectrum (EIS) | 第46页 |
| 2.5.11 Square Wave Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (SWASV) | 第46-48页 |
| Chapter 3 Synthesis of 3D interlayer nanohybrids composed of r GO/SnO_2/PPy used for the detection of heavy metals ions (Cd~(2+), Cu~(2+), Hg~(2+) and Pb~(2+)) | 第48-80页 |
| 3.1 Introduction | 第48-50页 |
| 3.2 Material synthesis | 第50-51页 |
| 3.2.0 Chemicals | 第50页 |
| 3.2.1 Synthesis of reduced graphene oxide/SnO_2 | 第50-51页 |
| 3.2.2 Method for the preparation of polypyrrole | 第51页 |
| 3.2.3 Synthesis of 3D interlayer nanohybrids composed of r GO/SnO_2/PPy | 第51页 |
| 3.3 Analysis and characterizations of Materials | 第51-53页 |
| 3.4 Results and discussion | 第53-77页 |
| 3.4.1 Structural and characterization of 3D interlayer nanohybrids composed of r GO/SnO_2/PPy | 第53-65页 |
| 3.4.2 Stripping Behavior of r GO/SnO_2 toward Cd~(2+), Cu~(2+), Hg~(2+) and Pb~(2+) | 第65-68页 |
| 3.4.3 Stripping Behavior of r GO/SnO_2/PPy toward Cd~(2+), Cu~(2+), Hg~(2+) and Pb~(2+) | 第68-77页 |
| 3.5 Discussion mechanism | 第77-78页 |
| 3.6 Brief Summary | 第78-80页 |
| Chapter 4 The polyaniline functionalized r GO/SnO_2 nanocomposite for electrochemical detection of heavy metal ions Pb~(2+),Cd~(2+), Hg~(2+) and Cu~(2+) | 第80-108页 |
| 4.1 Introduction | 第80-82页 |
| 4.2 Material synthesis | 第82-84页 |
| 4.2.1 Chemical Reagents | 第82页 |
| 4.2.2 Method for the r GO/SnO_2/PAni, r GO/PAni and PAni | 第82-83页 |
| 4.2.3 Preparation of the different samples of r GO/SnO_2/PAni nanocomposites | 第83-84页 |
| 4.3 Analysis and characterizationsof Materials | 第84页 |
| 4.4 Results and discussion | 第84-105页 |
| 4.4.1 Structural and characterization of r GO/SnO_2/PAni | 第84-93页 |
| 4.4.2 Electrochemical characterization of r GO/SnO_2/PAni nanocomposites | 第93-97页 |
| 4.4.3 Stripping Behavior of r GO/SnO_2/PAni toward Cd~(2+), Cu~(2+), Hg~(2+) and Pb~(2+) | 第97-105页 |
| 4.5 Discussion on mechanism | 第105-107页 |
| 4.6 Brief Summary | 第107-108页 |
| Chapter 5 Controllable synthesis of porous PEI-functionalized Co_3O_4/rGO nanocomposite as electrochemical sensor for simultaneous as well as individual detection of heavy metalions | 第108-141页 |
| 5.1 Introduction | 第108-111页 |
| 5.2 Material synthesis | 第111-112页 |
| 5.2.1 Chemicals | 第111页 |
| 5.2.2 Method for the preparation of r GO/Co_3O_4/conducting polymers (PEI) | 第111页 |
| 5.2.3 Characterization | 第111-112页 |
| 5.3 Results and discussion | 第112-140页 |
| 5.3.1 Characterization of porous r GO/Co_3O_4/PEI nanocomposite | 第112页 |
| 5.3.2 The morphology of the r GO/Co_3O_4/PEI nanocomposite | 第112-123页 |
| 5.3.3 The structure of the r GO/Co_3O_4/PEI nanocomposite | 第123-125页 |
| 5.3.4 Electrochemical and other characteristic of the r GO and r GO/Co_3O_4/PEI nanocomposite | 第125页 |
| 5.3.5 CV, EIS, TGA and MS of the r GO/Co_3O_4/PEI nanocomposite | 第125-127页 |
| 5.3.6 SWV VS DNPV voltammetry analysis for the detection of (Cd~(2+), Pb~(2+), Cu~(2+) and Hg~(2+)) by using r GO/Co_3O_4/PEI nanocomposite modified electrode | 第127-129页 |
| 5.3.7 Increased potential (V) effect on voltammetry spectrum | 第129-130页 |
| 5.3.8 Stripping Behavior toward (Pb~(2+), Cd~(2+), Hg~(2+) and Cu~(2+)) | 第130页 |
| 5.3.9 Individual Stripping toward (Cd~(2+), Cu~(2+), Hg~(2+) and Pb~(2+)) using SWV | 第130-138页 |
| 5.3.10 Sensitivity and LOD calculation the r GO/Co_3O_4/PEI nanocomposite | 第138-140页 |
| 5.4 Brief Summary | 第140-141页 |
| Conclusion | 第141-143页 |
| 结论 | 第143-145页 |
| References | 第145-164页 |
| Acknowledgement | 第164-166页 |
| Papers published during Ph.D study | 第166-167页 |
