| Abstract | 第6-7页 |
| 摘要 | 第8-15页 |
| Chapter 1 Introduction | 第15-21页 |
| 1.1 Background and significance | 第15-17页 |
| 1.2 Objectives | 第17-18页 |
| 1.3 Research contents | 第18页 |
| 1.4 The organization of this dissertation | 第18-20页 |
| 1.5 The innovation of this dissertation | 第20-21页 |
| Chapter 2. Literature review | 第21-31页 |
| 2.1 Introduction of biochars | 第21-23页 |
| 2.2 Reactivity of biochars | 第23-25页 |
| 2.3 Detection of persistent free radicals in biochars | 第25-28页 |
| 2.4 Environmental toxicity | 第28-29页 |
| 2.5 Key issues in this study | 第29-31页 |
| Chapter 3 Degradation ofp-Nitrophenol on biochars and the byproducts | 第31-70页 |
| 3.1 Introduction | 第31-33页 |
| 3.2 Materials and methods | 第33-37页 |
| 3.2.1 Materials | 第33页 |
| 3.2.2 Biochar Production and Characterization | 第33-34页 |
| 3.2.3 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Measurements | 第34页 |
| 3.2.4 Batch Sorption Experiments | 第34-35页 |
| 3.2.5 Analysis of Intermediates and Final Products | 第35页 |
| 3.2.6 Kinetics Study | 第35-36页 |
| 3.2.7 Batch Nitrate Sorption Experiments | 第36页 |
| 3.2.8 Data Analysis | 第36-37页 |
| 3.3 Results and Discussion | 第37-70页 |
| 3.3.1 Characterization of biochars | 第37-46页 |
| 3.3.2 Evidence of PNP degradation in biochar sorption system | 第46-53页 |
| 3.3.3 Identification of byproducts and the fixation on biochars | 第53-62页 |
| 3.3.4 Quantifying the contribution of PNP degradation to PNP sorption bybiochars | 第62-70页 |
| Chapter 4 Identification of p-Nitrophenol Degradation on Solid phase and aqueousphase in biochar suspension | 第70-93页 |
| 4.1 Introduction | 第70-73页 |
| 4.2 Materials and methods | 第73-79页 |
| 4.2.1 Materials | 第73页 |
| 4.2.2 Preparation and storage of char | 第73-75页 |
| 4.2.3 Biochar Characterization | 第75页 |
| 4.2.4 Routine Experimental Procedures | 第75-76页 |
| 4.2.5 Quantification of H_2O_2 and·OH Capture | 第76-77页 |
| 4.2.6 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Measurements | 第77-78页 |
| 4.2.7 Influence of adsorption on PNP degradation | 第78页 |
| 4.2.8 Influence of adsorption on PNP degradation | 第78-79页 |
| 4.2.9 Contributions of reaction in solid and liquid phases | 第79页 |
| 4.3 Results and Discussion | 第79-93页 |
| 4.3.1 Generation of reactive oxygen species H_2O_2 | 第79-82页 |
| 4.3.2 ·OH capture | 第82-85页 |
| 4.3.3 PNP degradation as affected by TBA | 第85-86页 |
| 4.3.4 Influence of adsorption on PNP degradation | 第86-87页 |
| 4.3.5 Identification of p-nitrophenol degradation on solid phase and aqueousphase | 第87-93页 |
| Chapter 5 The ubiquitous and nonnegligible impacts of biochar reactivity | 第93-113页 |
| 5.1 Introduction | 第93-94页 |
| 5.2 Materials and methods | 第94-96页 |
| 5.2.1 Materials | 第94-95页 |
| 5.2.2 Biochar aging | 第95页 |
| 5.2.3 Tannic Acid coating | 第95页 |
| 5.2.5 Recycle experiments | 第95-96页 |
| 5.3 Results and Discussion | 第96-113页 |
| 5.3.1 Influence of biochar aging on net H_2O_2 production and PNP degradation. 825.3.2 PNP degradation as affected by tannic acid coating | 第96-99页 |
| 5.3.2 PNP degradation as affected by tannic acid coating | 第99-103页 |
| 5.3.3 Reactive sites on char and competition between H_2O_2 and PNP for reactivesites | 第103-107页 |
| 5.3.4 Competition of reactive sites | 第107-108页 |
| 5.3.5 Contribution of iron to reactivity | 第108-110页 |
| 5.3.6 Degradation of other organic pollutants in biochar suspension | 第110-113页 |
| Chapter 6 Conclusions and prospective | 第113-115页 |
| 6.1 Conclusions | 第113-114页 |
| 6.2 Prospective | 第114-115页 |
| Acknowledgements | 第115-117页 |
| References | 第117-136页 |
| Appendix A List of publications and prizes | 第136-138页 |
| Appendix B List of symbols and abbreviations | 第138-139页 |
| 附录 中文梗概 | 第139-156页 |
