| ABSTRACT | 第12-14页 |
| 摘要 | 第15-17页 |
| LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS | 第17-19页 |
| CHAPTER Ⅰ | 第19-46页 |
| 1.1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE | 第19-33页 |
| 1.1.1 Background | 第19-22页 |
| 1.1.2 Soil heavy metal distribution and speciation | 第22-23页 |
| 1.1.3 Remediation strategies for contaminated soils | 第23-27页 |
| 1.1.4 Biochar as remediating material | 第27-33页 |
| 1.1.4.1 Biochar production | 第28-29页 |
| 1.1.4.2 Biochar properties | 第29-30页 |
| 1.1.4.3 Physical properties | 第30-32页 |
| 1.1.4.4 Chemical composition | 第32-33页 |
| 1.2 Beneficial effects of biochars on general agriculture | 第33-35页 |
| 1.3 Influence of biochar on Pb and Cu immobilization and phytoavailability | 第35-44页 |
| 1.3.1 Immobilization system pH | 第39-40页 |
| 1.3.2 Effect of biochar on Pb and Cu bioavailability and leaching | 第40-41页 |
| 1.3.3 Mechanisms of Pb and Cu immobilization by biochar | 第41-43页 |
| 1.3.4 Factors affecting contaminants immobilization by biochar | 第43-44页 |
| 1.4 Aims of the current study | 第44-46页 |
| CHAPTER Ⅱ MATERIALS AND METHODS | 第46-52页 |
| 2.1 Soil characterization and analysis | 第46页 |
| 2.2 BCR sequential extraction | 第46-47页 |
| 2.3 Toxicity characteristics leaching procedure | 第47页 |
| 2.4 CaCl_2 extraction | 第47-48页 |
| 2.5 Pb and Cu determination in plant | 第48页 |
| 2.6 Enzymes activity | 第48-49页 |
| 2.7 Zeta potential | 第49页 |
| 2.8 Biochar preparation and characterization | 第49-50页 |
| 2.9 Biochar surface acidic and basic functional groups | 第50-51页 |
| 2.10 Biochar contamination risk | 第51-52页 |
| CHAPTER Ⅲ CHARACTERIZATION OF RAPESEED RESIDUE AND RICE STRAW BIOCHARS | 第52-67页 |
| 3.1 INTRODUCTION | 第52-53页 |
| 3.2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 第53-66页 |
| 3.2.1 Biochar characteristics | 第53-57页 |
| 3.2.2 Surface charge of the biochars | 第57-59页 |
| 3.2.3 FT-IR characteristics of the biochars | 第59-62页 |
| 3.2.4 Surface morphological and X-ray diffraction analysis | 第62-63页 |
| 3.2.5 Acidic and basic surface groups of biochars | 第63-65页 |
| 3.2.6 Assessment of contamination risk in biochars | 第65-66页 |
| 3.3 CONCLUSION | 第66-67页 |
| CHAPTER Ⅳ BIOCHAR INDUCED LEAD AND COPPER IMMOBILIZATION,PHYTOTOXICITY ATTENUATION AND IMPROVED BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES | 第67-84页 |
| 4.1 INTRODUCTION | 第67-68页 |
| 4.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS | 第68-69页 |
| 4.2.1 Experimental setup | 第68页 |
| 4.2.2 Soil chemical analysis | 第68-69页 |
| 4.2.3 Pb and Cu determination in plant | 第69页 |
| 4.2.4 Enzymes activity | 第69页 |
| 4.2.5 Statistical analysis | 第69页 |
| 4.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 第69-82页 |
| 4.3.1 Effect of biochar on soil physicochemical properties | 第69-72页 |
| 4.3.2 Influence of biochars on Pb and Cu immobilization | 第72-77页 |
| 4.3.3 Impact of the biochars on Pb and Cu uptake and growth of Chinese cabbage | 第77-80页 |
| 4.3.4 Biochar addition improved soil enzyme activities | 第80-82页 |
| 4.4 CONCLUSION | 第82-84页 |
| CHAPTER Ⅴ VARYING EFFECTS OF FEEDSTOCK AND PYROLYSIS TEMPERATURE ON THEEFFICIENCY OF BIOCHARS TO IMMOBILIZE LEAD AND COPPER | 第84-96页 |
| 5.1 INTRODUCTION | 第84-85页 |
| 5.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS | 第85-86页 |
| 5.2.1 Amendments | 第85页 |
| 5.2.2 Incubation experiment | 第85页 |
| 5.2.3 BCR extraction and soil negative surface charge determination | 第85-86页 |
| 5.2.4 Statistical analysis | 第86页 |
| 5.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 第86-95页 |
| 5.3.1 Changes in soil properties after incubation | 第86-90页 |
| 5.3.2 Biochar altered Pb and Cu distribution | 第90-93页 |
| 5.3.3 Biochars reduced Pb and Cu bioavailability | 第93-95页 |
| 5.4 CONCLUSION | 第95-96页 |
| CHAPTER Ⅵ BIOCHARS INFLUENCED REDISTRIBUTION AND PHYTOAVAILABILITY OFLEAD AND COPPER UNDER VARIOUS MOISTURE LEVELS | 第96-118页 |
| 6.1 INTRODUCTION | 第96-97页 |
| 6.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS | 第97-99页 |
| 6.2.1 Soil samples and analysis | 第97页 |
| 6.2.2 Biochar preparation and characterization | 第97页 |
| 6.2.3 Experimental plan | 第97-98页 |
| 6.2.4 Pb and Cu fractionation and phytoavailability | 第98页 |
| 6.2.5 Statistical analysis | 第98-99页 |
| 6.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 第99-117页 |
| 6.3.1 Impact of biochars on soil properties under different moisture content | 第99-102页 |
| 6.3.2 Moisture and biochars affected redistribution of Pb and Cu | 第102-108页 |
| 6.3.3 Biochar decreased Pb and Cu phytoavailability under different moisturelevels 906.3.4 Biochar and moisture influenced Pb and Cu uptake and maize growth | 第108-117页 |
| 6.4 CONCLUSION | 第117-118页 |
| CHAPTER Ⅶ RESIDUAL EFFECTS OF BIOCHARS ON LEAD AND COPPER STABILIZATION ANDECOLOGICAL RESTORATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL | 第118-134页 |
| 7.1 INTRODUCTION | 第118-119页 |
| 7.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS | 第119-121页 |
| 7.2.1 Collection of soil samples and analysis | 第119页 |
| 7.2.2 Amendments | 第119页 |
| 7.2.3 Experimental setup | 第119-120页 |
| 7.2.4 Pb and Cu distribution | 第120页 |
| 7.2.5 Metal phytoavailability and leaching toxicity | 第120页 |
| 7.2.6 Statistical analysis | 第120-121页 |
| 7.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 第121-133页 |
| 7.3.1 Properties of the amended soil after two years | 第121-123页 |
| 7.3.2 Residual effects of the biochar on Pb and Cu speciation | 第123-127页 |
| 7.3.3 Pb and Cu phytoavailability reduced in two years | 第127-129页 |
| 7.3.4 Residual impacts of biochars on Pb and Cu uptake and wheat growth | 第129-133页 |
| 7.4 CONCLUSION | 第133-134页 |
| CHAPTER Ⅷ CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES | 第134-139页 |
| 8.1 Summarizing results | 第134-137页 |
| 8.2 Future perspectives | 第137-138页 |
| 8.3 Economic implications | 第138-139页 |
| REFERENCES | 第139-162页 |
| Acknowledgements | 第162-164页 |
| Publications | 第164页 |
