| Acknowledgements | 第4-5页 |
| Abstract | 第5页 |
| Introduction | 第10-22页 |
| 1.1. Canada and the Arctic | 第10-15页 |
| 1.2. Objective of the thesis | 第15-16页 |
| 1.3. Scope, delimitation and outline | 第16-17页 |
| 1.4. Legal Source and Methodology | 第17-18页 |
| 1.5. Literature Review | 第18-22页 |
| The need to protect the fragile Arctic Marine Environment and greatest challenges to reach this goal | 第19页 |
| Current trends in research of legislation to prevent pollution to the marine environment from shipping activities in the Arctic | 第19-20页 |
| The status of Canadian environmental law for the protection of the marine environment | 第20-22页 |
| 2. Shipping in the Canadian Arctic and the Northwest Passage | 第22-42页 |
| 2.1. Current shipping activities in the Arctic | 第22-26页 |
| 2.2. Future shipping activities in the Arctic | 第26-28页 |
| 2.3. The Cruise Shipping Industry and its Environmental Impact | 第28-36页 |
| Vessel Pollution Caused by Discharge of Garbage in the Ocean | 第34-36页 |
| 2.4. Environmental Impact of Cruise Shipping in the Canadian Arctic Region | 第36-42页 |
| Vessel Pollution Caused by Accident in the Canadian Arctic | 第41-42页 |
| 3. International Conventions and Standards for Marine EnvironmentalProtection relevant to Cruise Ship Pollution | 第42-65页 |
| 3.1. Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (1972) and the 1996 Protocol (London Convention and LondonProtocol | 第43-46页 |
| 3.2. International Maritime Organization | 第46-53页 |
| IMO Polar Code | 第46-49页 |
| IMO International Safety Management Code (ISM Code) | 第49-50页 |
| International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL), 1973/78 | 第50-53页 |
| 3.3. UNCLOS: Ice Covered Areas and pollution prevention from ships | 第53-58页 |
| 3.4. Arctic Council | 第58-62页 |
| Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program (AMAP) | 第59页 |
| Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) | 第59-60页 |
| Emergency Prevention, Preparedness and Response (EPPR) | 第60页 |
| Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment (PAME) | 第60-61页 |
| Sustainable Development Working Group (SDWG) | 第61-62页 |
| 3.5. Bilateral Agreements | 第62-63页 |
| 3.6. Industry Standards | 第63-64页 |
| Cruise Lines International Association Industry Standard: Cruise Industry Waste | 第63-64页 |
| 3.7. Non-Governmental Organization Standards and Guidelines | 第64-65页 |
| World Wildlife Fund's Ten Principles for Arctic Tourism | 第64-65页 |
| 4. Canadian Legislation for the Prevention of Pollution from Cruise Ships | 第65-82页 |
| 4.1. Existing regulations, standards and guidelines | 第66-78页 |
| Canada Shipping Act | 第67页 |
| Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships and forDangerous Chemicals | 第67-69页 |
| Vessel Pollution and Dangerous Chemicals Regulations | 第69-70页 |
| Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act | 第70页 |
| Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Regulations | 第70-71页 |
| Arctic Shipping Pollution Prevention Regulations | 第71页 |
| Oceans Act | 第71-72页 |
| Fisheries Act | 第72-73页 |
| Canada Environmental Protection Act 1999 | 第73-75页 |
| Canadian Technical Guidelines | 第75-78页 |
| 4.2. Institutional Framework | 第78-80页 |
| Transport Canada | 第78-79页 |
| Canadian Coast Guard | 第79页 |
| TC National Aerial Surveillance Program (NASP) | 第79-80页 |
| 4.3. Compliance | 第80页 |
| 4.4. Enforcement | 第80-81页 |
| 4.5. Criteria for success | 第81-82页 |
| 5. Analysis of strengths and gaps in legislation for the prevention ofpollution from cruise ships | 第82-88页 |
| 6. Conclusion | 第88-95页 |
| 6.1. Limitations and Future Study | 第95页 |
| References | 第95-105页 |
