| Abstract | 第5页 |
| 摘要 | 第6-7页 |
| Acknowledgements | 第7-8页 |
| Table of contents | 第8-11页 |
| CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION | 第11-21页 |
| 1.1 Background of the study | 第11-12页 |
| 1.2 Problem statement | 第12-15页 |
| 1.3 Research questions | 第15-16页 |
| 1.4 Significance of the study | 第16-17页 |
| 1.5 Delimitations of the study | 第17-18页 |
| 1.6 Limitations of the study | 第18页 |
| 1.7 Definitions of terms | 第18-21页 |
| CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW | 第21-44页 |
| 2.1 Citizenship and citizenship education in global context | 第21-28页 |
| 2.2 Citizenship education in China | 第28-30页 |
| 2.3 Informal curriculum in citizenship education | 第30-33页 |
| 2.4 Students' associations | 第33-36页 |
| 2.5 The 21stcentury competences | 第36-40页 |
| 2.6 Conceptual framework | 第40-44页 |
| CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY | 第44-50页 |
| 3.1 Research design | 第44-45页 |
| 3.2 Validity and reliability | 第45页 |
| 3.3 Population, sample size and sampling procedures | 第45-47页 |
| 3.4 Data collection | 第47-49页 |
| 3.4.1 E-mail structured interview | 第48页 |
| 3.4.2 Piloting the interview | 第48-49页 |
| 3.5 Data analysis procedure | 第49页 |
| 3.6 Ethical consideration | 第49-50页 |
| CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS | 第50-81页 |
| 4.1 Findings on students' background information | 第50-54页 |
| 4.2 Main findings and discussion | 第54-81页 |
| 4.2.1 Students' reasons to join the associations | 第54-56页 |
| 4.2.2 Associations' activities and skills obtained from these activities | 第56-63页 |
| 4.2.3 Students' knowledge acquired in the associations | 第63-69页 |
| 4.2.4 Students' attitudes and values | 第69-79页 |
| 4.2.5 Students' future political and voluntary participation | 第79-81页 |
| CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS | 第81-89页 |
| 5.1 Summary of major findings based on research questions | 第81-85页 |
| 5.2 Conclusion and implication | 第85-87页 |
| 5.3 Recommendations for future research | 第87-89页 |
| References | 第89-96页 |
| Appendices | 第96-101页 |
| Appendix A1: Structured interview (English version) | 第96-99页 |
| Appendix A2: Structured interview (Chinese version) | 第99-101页 |
