| 摘要 | 第5-7页 |
| Abstract | 第7-8页 |
| CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION | 第19-39页 |
| 1.1 Background: Agricultural sector and credit constraints | 第19-23页 |
| 1.1.1 Credit constraints and farm households on the technological frontier | 第20-21页 |
| 1.1.2 Wheat sector at a glance | 第21-22页 |
| 1.1.3 Rice sector at a glance | 第22-23页 |
| 1.2 Efficiency and frontier determining factors | 第23-29页 |
| 1.2.1 Neoclassical growth theory | 第25-26页 |
| 1.2.2 Neo-Schumpeterian theory of growth | 第26-27页 |
| 1.2.3 Technology diffusion | 第27页 |
| 1.2.4 Evolutionary and institutional approaches | 第27-29页 |
| 1.3 Technical efficiency and knowledge creation | 第29-30页 |
| 1.4 Technical efficiency and knowledge dissemination | 第30-31页 |
| 1.5 Definitions of different concepts. | 第31-33页 |
| 1.6 Statement of the problem | 第33-34页 |
| 1.7 Aims and objectives | 第34-35页 |
| 1.8 Limitation of the research | 第35页 |
| 1.9 Scope of the research | 第35-36页 |
| 1.10 Thesis structure | 第36-39页 |
| CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW | 第39-53页 |
| 2.1 Introduction | 第39-40页 |
| 2.2 Reviews on institutional credit and development of agricultural sector.. | 第40-42页 |
| 2.3 Reviews on determinants of credit constraints | 第42-46页 |
| 2.3.1 Characteristics of household’s head | 第42-43页 |
| 2.3.2 Household’s characteristics | 第43-46页 |
| 2.3.2.1 Physical capital related factors | 第43-44页 |
| 2.3.2.2 Human capital related factors | 第44页 |
| 2.3.2.3 Social capital related factors | 第44-45页 |
| 2.3.2.4 Economic related factors | 第45-46页 |
| 2.3.2.5 Geography related factors | 第46页 |
| 2.4 Reviews on credit constraints and farm productivity | 第46-48页 |
| 2.5 Reviews on credit constraints and technical efficiency of farm household | 第48-50页 |
| 2.6 Reviews on determinants of technical efficiency | 第50-51页 |
| 2.7 Comments on the literature reviewed | 第51-53页 |
| CHAPTER 3: AN OVERVIEW OF AGRICULTURE SECTOR OF PAKISTAN:CHALLENGES AND CONSTRAINTS | 第53-59页 |
| 3.1 Introduction | 第53-54页 |
| 3.2 Challenges faced by agriculture sector | 第54-55页 |
| 3.2.1 Raising population | 第54页 |
| 3.2.2 Climate change | 第54-55页 |
| 3.2.3 Global GAP | 第55页 |
| 3.3 Constraints faced by agriculture sector | 第55-59页 |
| 3.3.1 Credit constraints of farming communities | 第55-56页 |
| 3.3.2 Lack of adoption of precision technologies | 第56页 |
| 3.3.3 Lack of inadequate infrastructure to support agriculture sector | 第56-57页 |
| 3.3.4 Seed impurity | 第57页 |
| 3.3.5 Water shortage for irrigation purpose | 第57-58页 |
| 3.3.6 Land inequality | 第58页 |
| 3.3.7 Weak implementation of agricultural laws and policies | 第58-59页 |
| CHAPTER 4: FINANCIAL SECTORS OF PAKISTAN | 第59-68页 |
| 4.1 Introduction | 第59-61页 |
| 4.2 Objectives of rural financial system in Pakistan | 第61页 |
| 4.3 Types of financial sources in Pakistan | 第61-68页 |
| 4.3.1 Informal sources/Non-Institutional sources | 第61-62页 |
| 4.3.2 Formal sources/Institutional sources | 第62-68页 |
| 4.3.2.1 Government (Taccavi) loans | 第62-63页 |
| 4.3.2.2 Cooperatives | 第63-64页 |
| 4.3.2.3 ZTBL Pakistan | 第64-65页 |
| 4.3.2.4 Commercial Banks | 第65-68页 |
| CHAPTER 5: IDENTIFICATION OF CREDIT CONSTRAINTS | 第68-77页 |
| 5.1 Introduction | 第68-69页 |
| 5.2 Non-price rationing | 第69-71页 |
| 5.2.1 Demand side credit constraints | 第69-70页 |
| 5.2.2 Supply-Side credit constraints | 第70-71页 |
| 5.3 Methods to recognize credit constrained | 第71-72页 |
| 5.3.1 Indirect method of identification. | 第71页 |
| 5.3.2 Direct method of identifications | 第71-72页 |
| 5.4 Recognition of credit constrained in earlier studies | 第72-74页 |
| 5.5 Theoretical framework-I | 第74-77页 |
| CHAPTER 6: SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS | 第77-89页 |
| 6.1 Introduction | 第77-78页 |
| 6.2 Material and methods | 第78页 |
| 6.3 Results and discussion | 第78-89页 |
| 6.3.1 Age of the households’ head | 第78-79页 |
| 6.3.2 Education level of farm households | 第79-80页 |
| 6.3.3 Family size of farm households | 第80页 |
| 6.3.4 Numbers of earning hands of farm households | 第80-81页 |
| 6.3.5 Diversified sources of income | 第81-82页 |
| 6.3.6 Holdings of livestock | 第82页 |
| 6.3.7 Land holding status of farm households | 第82-83页 |
| 6.3.8 Consumption expenditure of farm households | 第83-84页 |
| 6.3.9 Savings of farm households | 第84页 |
| 6.3.10 Holdings of farm implements or machinery | 第84-85页 |
| 6.3.11 Access to extension services | 第85-86页 |
| 6.3.12 Access to market | 第86-87页 |
| 6.3.13 Distance to financial institutions | 第87页 |
| 6.3.14 Constraints confronted by loan applicants | 第87-89页 |
| CHAPTER 7: DETERMINANTS OF CREDIT CONSTRAINTS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS | 第89-95页 |
| 7.1 Introduction | 第89-90页 |
| 7.2 Material and methods | 第90-92页 |
| 7.2.1 Study area and data description | 第90-91页 |
| 7.2.2 Econometric estimation | 第91-92页 |
| 7.3 Results and discussion | 第92-93页 |
| 7.4 Conclusions and policy implications | 第93-95页 |
| CHAPTER 8: MEASUREMENT OF TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY | 第95-102页 |
| 8.1 Introduction | 第95页 |
| 8.2 Concepts of input and output based approaches | 第95-96页 |
| 8.3 Techniques for measurement of technical efficiency | 第96-97页 |
| 8.4 Non-parametric approach: Data envelopment approach | 第97-99页 |
| 8.4.1 DEA: one-input, one-output model | 第97-98页 |
| 8.4.2 Multiple input and multiple output model | 第98-99页 |
| 8.5 Parametric approach: Stochastic frontier analysis approach | 第99-100页 |
| 8.6 Inefficiency effects model | 第100-102页 |
| CHAPTER 9: EFFECTS OF CREDIT CONSTRAINTS ON TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS | 第102-128页 |
| 9.1 Nexus between credit constraints and technical efficiency | 第102-105页 |
| 9.1.1 Theoretical framework-II | 第103-105页 |
| 9.2 Effects of credit constraints on technical efficiency of wheat growers | 第105-115页 |
| 9.2.1 Introduction | 第105-107页 |
| 9.2.2 Material and methods | 第107-110页 |
| 9.2.2.1 Context, survey design and data description | 第107-108页 |
| 9.2.2.2 Description of variables used for empirical analysis | 第108-110页 |
| 9.2.3 Results and discussion | 第110-114页 |
| 9.2.3.1 Maximum likelihood estimates of the stochastic frontier | 第110-112页 |
| 9.2.3.2 Factors affecting technical efficiency of wheat growers | 第112-114页 |
| 9.2.3.3 Range of technical efficiency | 第114页 |
| 9.2.4 Conclusions and policy implications | 第114-115页 |
| 9.3 Effects of credit constraints on technical efficiency of rice growers | 第115-126页 |
| 9.3.1 Introduction | 第115-117页 |
| 9.3.2 Methodology | 第117-121页 |
| 9.3.2.1 Context, survey design and data description | 第117-119页 |
| 9.3.2.2 Description of variables used for empirical analysis | 第119-121页 |
| 9.3.3 Results and discussion | 第121-125页 |
| 9.3.3.1 Maximum likelihood estimates of the stochastic frontier | 第121-123页 |
| 9.3.3.2 Factors affecting technical efficiency of rice growers | 第123-125页 |
| 9.3.3.3 Range of technical efficiency | 第125页 |
| 9.3.4 Conclusions and policy implications | 第125-126页 |
| 9.4 Comparison of wheat and rice growers results | 第126-128页 |
| CHAPTER 10: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS | 第128-132页 |
| 10.1 Summary | 第128-129页 |
| 10.2 Suggestions | 第129-131页 |
| 10.3 Future research work | 第131-132页 |
| REFERENCES | 第132-144页 |
| APPENDIX | 第144-159页 |
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 第159-160页 |
| ABOUT THE AUTHOR | 第160-161页 |
