| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 第9-10页 |
| CONTENTS | 第10-14页 |
| LIST OF TABLES | 第14-15页 |
| LIST OF FIGURES | 第15-16页 |
| ABBREVIATIONS | 第16-17页 |
| ABSTRACT | 第17-19页 |
| 摘要 | 第20-22页 |
| CHAPTER 1 General Introduction and Review of Literature | 第22-34页 |
| 1.1 Cadmium in soil | 第23-24页 |
| 1.2 Cadmium in food | 第24-25页 |
| 1.3 Dietary intake of cadmium by human | 第25-26页 |
| 1.4 Bioaccessibility and bioavailability of Cd to human | 第26-29页 |
| 1.4.1 Small intestinal absorption of Cd | 第27-28页 |
| 1.4.2 Distribution of cadmium after absorption | 第28-29页 |
| 1.5 Cadmium induced toxicity in human liver | 第29-32页 |
| 1.5.1 Cellular defense systems and thiol status | 第31页 |
| 1.5.2 Enhancement of lipid peroxidation | 第31-32页 |
| 1.5.3 Cellular enzymes and cadmium | 第32页 |
| 1.6 Objectives of the study | 第32-34页 |
| CHAPTER 2 Impact Assessment of Cadmium Toxicity and its Bioavailability in Human Cell Lines (Caco-2 and HL-7702) 18 | 第34-49页 |
| 2.1 Introduction | 第34-36页 |
| 2.2 Materials and methods | 第36-40页 |
| 2.2.1 Chemicals and reagents | 第36页 |
| 2.2.2 Preparation of Cd solutions | 第36页 |
| 2.2.3 Cell culture | 第36-38页 |
| 2.2.4 Cadmium uptake | 第38页 |
| 2.2.5 Cytotoxicity assays | 第38-39页 |
| 2.2.5.1 MTT assay | 第38页 |
| 2.2.5.2 LDH (Lactate Dehydrogenase) release | 第38-39页 |
| 2.2.6 Enzyme assays | 第39页 |
| 2.2.6.1 Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) | 第39页 |
| 2.2.6.2 Superoxide dismutase (SOD) | 第39页 |
| 2.2.6.3 Alkaline phosphatase (AKP) | 第39页 |
| 2.2.7 Protein assay | 第39-40页 |
| 2.2.8 Statistical analysis | 第40页 |
| 2.3 Results and discussion | 第40-49页 |
| 2.3.1 Cellular uptake | 第40-41页 |
| 2.3.2 Effect of cadmium on LDH release and mitochondrial activity (MTT) | 第41-45页 |
| 2.3.3 Effect of Cd on antioxidant enzymes activity | 第45-48页 |
| 2.3.4 Effect of Cd on differentiation marker enzyme (AKP) | 第48-49页 |
| CHAPTER 3 In Vitro Determination of Cadmium Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability in Contaminated Soils and its Subsequent Toxicity in Normal Human Liver (HL-7702) Cells | 第49-64页 |
| 3.1 Introduction | 第49-50页 |
| 3.2 Materials and methods | 第50-54页 |
| 3.2.1 Chemicals and reagents | 第50页 |
| 3.2.2 Soil collection and analysis | 第50-51页 |
| 3.2.3 Total Cd of soil samples | 第51页 |
| 3.2.4 Oral bioaccessibility of soil Cd | 第51页 |
| 3.2.5 Cell culture | 第51-52页 |
| 3.2.6 Cd bioavailability assays by Caco-2 cells | 第52-53页 |
| 3.2.7 Toxicity assays via normal human liver (HL-7702) cell | 第53-54页 |
| 3.2.7.1 Cytotoxicity test | 第53页 |
| 3.2.7.2 Analysis of lipid peroxidation (MDA) and oxidant (H_2O_2) enzymes activities | 第53-54页 |
| 3.2.7.3 Measurements of antioxidant (SOD, GPx) enzymes activities | 第54页 |
| 3.2.8 Transmission electron microscopic studies | 第54页 |
| 3.2.9 Quality control of cadmium analysis | 第54页 |
| 3.2.10 Statistical analysis | 第54页 |
| 3.3 Results | 第54-60页 |
| 3.3.1 Physico-chemical properties of soil | 第54页 |
| 3.3.2 Cadmium bioaccessibility in soils | 第54-55页 |
| 3.3.3 Cadmium bioavailability in contaminated soils | 第55页 |
| 3.3.4 Cytotoxicity assays | 第55页 |
| 3.3.5 Effect of Cd on lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide (H_2O_2) activity in HL-7702 cells | 第55-56页 |
| 3.3.6 Effect of Cd on antioxidant (SOD, GPx) activities in HL-7702 cells | 第56-59页 |
| 3.3.7 Ultrastructural changes in HL-7702 cells | 第59-60页 |
| 3.4 Discussion | 第60-64页 |
| CHAPTER 4 Uptake of Cadmium by Rice Grown on Contaminated Coils and its Bioavailability/Toxicity in Human Cell Lines (Caco-2/HL-7702) | 第64-85页 |
| 4.1 Introduction | 第64-65页 |
| 4.2 Materials and methods | 第65-70页 |
| 4.2.1 Chemicals and reagents | 第65-66页 |
| 4.2.2 Glass house experiment, sampling and analysis | 第66-67页 |
| 4.2.2.1 Soil collection, analysis and Cd spiking | 第66页 |
| 4.2.2.2 Glasshouse experiment | 第66页 |
| 4.2.2.3 Rice sample preparation | 第66-67页 |
| 4.2.3 Chemical analysis | 第67页 |
| 4.2.3.1 Total Cd in soil and rice grain | 第67页 |
| 4.2.4 Cadmium bioavailability and toxicity assay | 第67-69页 |
| 4.2.4.1 In vitro digestion of rice sample | 第67页 |
| 4.2.4.2 Cell culture | 第67-68页 |
| 4.2.4.3 Cadmium uptake experiment in Caco-2 cell | 第68-69页 |
| 4.2.5 Cadmium toxicity assays in HL-7702 cells | 第69-70页 |
| 4.2.5.1 Cytotoxicity assay | 第69页 |
| 4.2.5.2 Enzyme assays | 第69-70页 |
| 4.2.6 Transmission electron microscopy | 第70页 |
| 4.2.7 Quality control of cadmium analysis | 第70页 |
| 4.2.8 Statistical analysis | 第70页 |
| 4.3 Results | 第70-79页 |
| 4.3.1 Physico-chemical properties of soil | 第70-71页 |
| 4.3.2 Yields of rice grain | 第71页 |
| 4.3.3 Cd concentration in polished rice grain | 第71页 |
| 4.3.4 Bioaccessibility of Cd in polished rice grain | 第71页 |
| 4.3.5 Cd bioavailability of polished rice | 第71-75页 |
| 4.3.6 Effect of cadmium on cytotoxicity assays (LDH release and MTT viability assay | 第75页 |
| 4.3.7 Effect of cadmium on lipid peroxidation and enzymes (oxidant+antioxidant) activities in HL-7702 cells | 第75-76页 |
| 4.3.8 Effect of Cd stress on ultrastructural changes in HL-7702 cells | 第76-79页 |
| 4.4 Discussion | 第79-85页 |
| CHAPTER 5 In vitro Assessment of Cadmium bioavailability in Chinese Cabbage Grown on Different Soils and its Toxic Effects on Human Health | 第85-108页 |
| 5.1 Introduction | 第85-87页 |
| 5.2 Materials and methods | 第87-93页 |
| 5.2.1 Chemicals and reagents | 第87页 |
| 5.2.2 Ethics statement | 第87页 |
| 5.2.3 Soil collection and analysis | 第87-88页 |
| 5.2.4 Greenhouse experiment | 第88页 |
| 5.2.5 Total Cd of soil and plant | 第88-89页 |
| 5.2.6 Cadmium bioavailability and toxicity assays | 第89-90页 |
| 5.2.6.1 In vitro digestion | 第89页 |
| 5.2.6.2 Cell culture | 第89-90页 |
| 5.2.6.3 Cd uptake (retention and transport) by Caco-2 cells | 第90页 |
| 5.2.7 Cadmium toxicity assays by HL-7702 cells | 第90-91页 |
| 5.2.8 Cytotoxicity assays | 第91页 |
| 5.2.8.1 MTT assay | 第91页 |
| 5.2.8.2 LDH release | 第91页 |
| 5.2.9 Lipid peroxidation assay | 第91-92页 |
| 5.2.10 Antioxidant and oxidant enzymes assays | 第92页 |
| 5.2.11 Transmission electron microscopy | 第92页 |
| 5.2.12 Quality control of cadmium analysis | 第92页 |
| 5.2.13 Statistical analysis | 第92-93页 |
| 5.3 Results | 第93-102页 |
| 5.3.1 Characteristics of soils | 第93页 |
| 5.3.2 Accumulation of Cd in Chinese cabbage | 第93-94页 |
| 5.3.3 Bioaccessibility of Cd in Chinese cabbage shoots | 第94-97页 |
| 5.3.4 Bioavailability of Cd from Chinese cabbage | 第97页 |
| 5.3.5 Cd affected cell viability (MTT) and stability (LDH release) in HL-7702 cells | 第97-99页 |
| 5.3.6 Cd Induced lipid peroxidation (MDA) in HL-7702 cells | 第99页 |
| 5.3.7 Effect of Cd on antioxidant (SOD, GPx) and oxidant (H_2O_2) enzyme activities in HL-702 cells 83 | 第99页 |
| 5.3.8 Effects of Cd on morphological alterations in HL-7702 cells | 第99-102页 |
| 5.4 Discussion | 第102-108页 |
| CHAPTER 6 Conclusions and Future Recommendations | 第108-110页 |
| 6.1 Main conclusions | 第108-109页 |
| 6.2 Future perspectives | 第109-110页 |
| REFERENCES | 第110-126页 |
| LIST OF PUBLICATIONS | 第126页 |
