| ABSTRACT | 第6-11页 |
| 摘要 | 第12-23页 |
| CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION | 第23-60页 |
| 1.1 Research Background and Significance of the Study | 第23-31页 |
| 1.2 Research Objectives | 第31页 |
| 1.3 Research Questions | 第31-33页 |
| 1.4 Literature Review | 第33-54页 |
| 1.4.1 The Relationship between Environmental Pollution and Economic Growth | 第33-34页 |
| 1.4.2 The Causal Interactions among Trade, Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and Environmental Pollution | 第34-37页 |
| 1.4.3 Modelling & Prediction of Environmental Pollution | 第37-42页 |
| 1.4.4 Factors that Influences the Environment | 第42-54页 |
| 1.5 The Main Contents of the Dissertation | 第54-58页 |
| 1.6 Innovation of the Study | 第58-60页 |
| CHAPTER 2 RELATED CRITICAL THEORIES | 第60-71页 |
| 2.1 The Economic Growth Theories | 第60-63页 |
| 2.2 Trade Theories | 第63-64页 |
| 2.3 Energy Economic Theories | 第64-65页 |
| 2.4 Urban Growth Theories | 第65-67页 |
| 2.5 The Economic- Environmental Growth Theories | 第67-71页 |
| CHAPTER 3 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK & HYPOTHESES OF THE THESIS | 第71-78页 |
| 3.1 The Conceptual Framework | 第71-74页 |
| 3.2 Development of Research Model and Hypothesis | 第74-78页 |
| 3.2.1 Hypothesis Based on the Environmental Kuznet Curve Theory | 第74-75页 |
| 3.2.2 Hypothesis Based on Structural Breaks | 第75页 |
| 3.2.3 Hypothesis Based on Trade theory | 第75-76页 |
| 3.2.4 Hypothesis Based on the Energy-led theory | 第76-77页 |
| 3.2.5 Hypothesis Based on Urban Population Growth | 第77-78页 |
| CHAPTER 4 DATA COLLECTION AND ECONOMETRIC MODEL DESCRIPTION | 第78-103页 |
| 4.1 Profile of Study Area | 第80-82页 |
| 4.2 Source of Data | 第82-84页 |
| 4.3 Procedure for Preliminary Analysis of the Environmental Data and Economic Data | 第84-89页 |
| 4.3.1 Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) | 第84页 |
| 4.3.2 Quantile Regression | 第84-86页 |
| 4.3.3 Applying the Stationarity test | 第86-87页 |
| 4.3.4 Procedure for applying the Test for Structural Breaks | 第87-89页 |
| 4.4 Description of Models for testing the Hypothesis Tests | 第89-103页 |
| 4.4.1 Testing the Environmental Kuznet Curve Hypothesis with recent Econometric Approach | 第89-90页 |
| 4.4.2 Testing for the presence of Longrun cointegration relationship among the variables | 第90-94页 |
| 4.4.3 Testing for the Direction of Causality among Trade, Energy Consumption, Urbanisation and Environmental Pollution | 第94-98页 |
| 4.4.4 Predicting the Carbon dioxide emission of Ghana and China into the Future | 第98-103页 |
| CHAPTER 5 PRELIMINARY RESULTS | 第103-123页 |
| 5.1 PRELIMINARY RESULTS FROM GHANA | 第103-112页 |
| 5.1.1 Descriptive Statistics | 第103-104页 |
| 5.1.2 The Trend Analysis | 第104-105页 |
| 5.1.3 The OLS and Quantile Regression | 第105-109页 |
| 5.1.4 The Unit root Test | 第109-110页 |
| 5.1.5 Structural Break Test | 第110-112页 |
| 5.2 PRELIMINARY RESULTS FROM CHINA | 第112-123页 |
| 5.2.1 Descriptive Studies | 第112-113页 |
| 5.2.2 Trend Analysis | 第113-114页 |
| 5.2.3 The OLS and Quantile regression analysis | 第114-119页 |
| 5.2.4 The Unit root test | 第119-120页 |
| 5.2.5 The Structural Break Test | 第120-123页 |
| CHAPTER 6 RESULTS & DISCUSSION | 第123-159页 |
| 6.1 The Validity of Environmental Kuznets Curve Theory in the Developing Economies, Ghana and China | 第123-126页 |
| 6.2 The Influence of Structural Breaks (Structural Transformation) on the trade-energy-economic growth-environmental pollution nexus | 第126-128页 |
| 6.3 Cointegration Relationship among the Variables | 第128-134页 |
| 6.4 The Causal Linkages among Trade, Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and Environmental Pollution of Ghana and China | 第134-148页 |
| 6.4.1 The Direction of Causality among the variables for the period 1970-2014 | 第134-141页 |
| 6.4.2 The Direction of Causality among the variables for the next decade | 第141-148页 |
| 6.5 Prediction of the Direction and Magnitude of Environmental Pollution in the Future | 第148-159页 |
| 6.5.1 The Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) Approach | 第148-155页 |
| 6.5.2 Brainstorm Optimisation Algorithms | 第155-159页 |
| CHAPTER 7 COMPARISON OF THE RELATIONSHIPS AND POLICY IMPLICATION FOR GHANA & CHINA | 第159-176页 |
| 7.1 Comparison of the relationships between Ghana and China | 第159-172页 |
| 7.1.1 The Environmental Kuznets Curve Theory | 第159-160页 |
| 7.1.2 The Influence of Structural Breaks | 第160-161页 |
| 7.1.3 How trade, energy consumption, economic growth and urbanisation affect the environment | 第161-164页 |
| 7.1.4 The direction of the causality among the utilised variables | 第164-166页 |
| 7.1.5 Prediction of the carbon dioxide emission of Ghana and China | 第166-172页 |
| 7.2 Policy Implications of the Research Results | 第172-176页 |
| 7.2.1 Policy implication for Ghana | 第172-173页 |
| 7.2.2 Policy implication for China | 第173-176页 |
| CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY | 第176-183页 |
| 8.1 Conclusion | 第176-182页 |
| 8.2 The Major Limitations of the Study | 第182-183页 |
| REFERENCES | 第183-196页 |
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 第196-198页 |
| APPENDICES | 第198-200页 |
| PUBLICATIONS | 第200-201页 |
