| 1． Introduction | 第1-11页 |
| 1．1 Current Situation of Students with Learning Difficulties | 第9-10页 |
| 1．2 Research Questions | 第10-11页 |
| 2． Analysis of Students with Learning Difficulties | 第11-20页 |
| 2．1 Definition of Students with Learning Difficulties | 第11-12页 |
| 2．2 Features of Students with Learning Difficulties | 第12-14页 |
| 2．3 Types of Students with Learning Difficulties | 第14-16页 |
| 2．3．1 Classified according to subjects | 第14-15页 |
| 2．3．2 Classified according to degree of learning difficulties | 第15页 |
| 2．3．3 Classified according to performance | 第15-16页 |
| 2．4 Causes of Students with Learning Difficulties | 第16-20页 |
| 2．4．1 Internal causes | 第16页 |
| 2．4．2 External causes | 第16-17页 |
| 2．4．3 Analysis of the key factors | 第17-20页 |
| 3． Basic Researches into Students with Learning Difficulties | 第20-29页 |
| 3．1 Research Findings at Home and Abroad | 第20页 |
| 3．2 Social Constructivist Theory | 第20-21页 |
| 3．3 Social Constructivist View on Education | 第21-29页 |
| 3．3．1 Social constructivist views on teaching and learning | 第22-25页 |
| 3．3．2 Social constructivist views on students' learning | 第25-26页 |
| 3．3．3 Teacher's mediating role in constructivism | 第26-29页 |
| 4． Practice of Helping Students out of Learning Difficulties | 第29-46页 |
| 4．1 Treating Students with Learning Difficulties Correctly | 第29-31页 |
| 4．1．1 Treating the individual differences of students correctly | 第29-30页 |
| 4．1．2 Admitting the imbalance of students' intellectual development | 第30页 |
| 4．1．3 Realizing that the students are the developing individuals | 第30-31页 |
| 4．2 Setting up New Teaching Concept | 第31-33页 |
| 4．2．1 Raising the consciousness about curriculum | 第31-32页 |
| 4．2．2 Helping students construct knowledge | 第32页 |
| 4．2．3 Helping students with effective learning strategies | 第32-33页 |
| 4．3 Setting up New Teaching Modes | 第33-39页 |
| 4．3．1 ESA teaching sequences | 第33-36页 |
| 4．3．2 Task-based learning | 第36-37页 |
| 4．3．3 Communicative language teaching | 第37页 |
| 4．3．4 The use of new modes in teaching practice | 第37-39页 |
| 4．4 Cultivating Positive Learning Motivation | 第39-42页 |
| 4．4．1 A definition of motivation | 第39-40页 |
| 4．4．2 The key person to arouse motivation | 第40页 |
| 4．4．3 Some suggestions about motivating students | 第40-42页 |
| 4．5 Intensifying Instructions to the Students with Learning Difficulties | 第42-46页 |
| 4．5．1 Teaching students according to their aptitude | 第42-43页 |
| 4．5．2 Helping students establish self-confidence and self-esteem | 第43-44页 |
| 4．5．3 Helping students set goals | 第44-45页 |
| 4．5．4 Making students work cooperatively | 第45-46页 |
| 5． Conclusion | 第46-47页 |
| 5．1 The Present Findings | 第46页 |
| 5．2 Implications for Future Research | 第46-47页 |
| References | 第47-51页 |
