| Abstract | 第6-8页 |
| 摘要 | 第9-14页 |
| Chapter 1. Introduction | 第14-24页 |
| 1.1 Background and significance | 第14-16页 |
| 1.2 Objectives of the study | 第16-17页 |
| 1.3 Contents of the study | 第17-18页 |
| 1.4 The organization of this dissertation | 第18-21页 |
| 1.5 The innovation of this thesis | 第21页 |
| 1.6 Key issues need to be discussed in this study | 第21-24页 |
| Chapter 2. Literature review | 第24-36页 |
| 2.1 The introduction of biochar | 第24-25页 |
| 2.2 The properties of biochars | 第25-28页 |
| 2.2.1 Preparation | 第25-27页 |
| 2.2.2 Properties | 第27-28页 |
| 2.3 Interaction of biochar with contaminants | 第28-31页 |
| 2.3.1 Organic contaminants | 第28-29页 |
| 2.3.2 Heavy metals | 第29-31页 |
| 2.4 Biochar modification | 第31-36页 |
| 2.4.1 Physical modification | 第32页 |
| 2.4.2 Chemical modification | 第32-36页 |
| Chapter 3. Physi-chemical and sorption properties of biochars prepared by electrothermal pyrolysis and microwave irradiation | 第36-54页 |
| 3.1 Introduction | 第36-38页 |
| 3.2 Materials and methods | 第38-42页 |
| 3.2.1 Materials | 第38-39页 |
| 3.2.2 Biochar preparation | 第39页 |
| 3.2.3 Characterization of FN and MW biochars | 第39-40页 |
| 3.2.4 Sorption experiments | 第40-41页 |
| 3.2.5 Data analyses | 第41-42页 |
| 3.3 Results and Discussion | 第42-53页 |
| 3.3.1 The comparison of physical and chemical properties of biochars produced through MW and FN methods | 第42-45页 |
| 3.3.2 Morphology observation of biochars produced through MW and FN methods | 第45-47页 |
| 3.3.3 Free radicals detected in biochars produced through MW and FN methods | 第47-48页 |
| 3.3.4 Sorption isotherms of CBZ and BPA on MW and FN biochars | 第48-51页 |
| 3.3.5 Sorption kinetics of CBZ and BPA | 第51-53页 |
| 3.4 Summary | 第53-54页 |
| Chapter 4. Phosphoric acid pretreatment enhances the specific surface areas of biochars by generation of micropores | 第54-72页 |
| 4.1 Introduction | 第54-56页 |
| 4.2 Methods and Materials | 第56-59页 |
| 4.2.1 Materials | 第56页 |
| 4.2.2 Preparation of biochars, biochars-H, and raw materials -H | 第56-57页 |
| 4.2.3 Characterization of biochars, biochars-H, and raw materials -H | 第57-58页 |
| 4.2.4 Batch sorption experiment | 第58页 |
| 4.2.5 Data analysis | 第58-59页 |
| 4.3 Results and Discussion | 第59-71页 |
| 4.3.1 Pore structure development | 第59-63页 |
| 4.3.2 Elemental composition analysis | 第63-65页 |
| 4.3.4 FTIR analysis of BCPS, BCPS-H, and PS-H | 第65-66页 |
| 4.3.5 The total P content of BCPS, BCPS-H, and PS-H before and after washing | 第66-67页 |
| 4.3.6 The ash content of BCPS, BCPS-H, and PS-H before and after washing | 第67页 |
| 4.3.7 Sorption of CBZ and BPA | 第67-71页 |
| 4.4 Summary | 第71-72页 |
| Chapter 5. The relative importance of different carbon structures to organic contaminant sorption in biochars | 第72-90页 |
| 5.1 Introduction | 第72-74页 |
| 5.2 Materials and Methods | 第74-76页 |
| 5.2.1 Materials | 第74页 |
| 5.2.2 Preparation and bleaching of biochars | 第74页 |
| 5.2.3 Characterization of original and bleached biochars | 第74-75页 |
| 5.2.4 Batch sorption ecperiment | 第75-76页 |
| 5.2.5 Data analysis | 第76页 |
| 5.3 Results and Discussion | 第76-88页 |
| 5.3.1 Thermal stability of biochars | 第76-77页 |
| 5.3.2 13C NMR spectra of original and bleached biochars | 第77-78页 |
| 5.3.3 Elemental composition and porous structure of biochars | 第78-80页 |
| 5.3.4 XPS analysis | 第80-81页 |
| 5.3.5 Raman analysis | 第81-82页 |
| 5.3.6 FTIR spectra | 第82-83页 |
| 5.3.7 Sorption of CBZ and BPA | 第83-88页 |
| 5.4 Summary | 第88-90页 |
| Chapter 6. Conclusion and prospect | 第90-94页 |
| 6.1 Conclusion | 第90-92页 |
| 6.2 Prospective | 第92-94页 |
| Acknowledgements | 第94-96页 |
| References | 第96-110页 |
| Appendix A List of publications and prizes | 第110-114页 |
| Appendix B List of symbols and abbreviations | 第114-116页 |
| Appendix C 中文梗概 | 第116-132页 |
